Meet George, the surge wrasse — Norfolk Island's Reef

Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

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Meet George, the surge wrasse. In fact, here on Norfolk Island, for some weird reason, they are all called George and have been for as long as I can remember. I’ve no idea why, but I do recall asking someone, many years ago, what kind of fish this purple, turquoise and pink guy was and I was told, ‘Oh, that is George!’ And so the name stuck!

George is also known as a green-blocked wrasse, purple wrasse or red and green wrasse, and more formally as a Thalassoma purpureum.

These guys are insanely, eye-achingly colourful, so I decided they were worthy of a photo dump on these pages. The Georginas can be seen towards the bottom of the photo gallery, and while more subtle in their colouration they are still very pretty.

Here are some quick facts about George and his relatives:

Surge wrasse are widespread, ranging from the southeast Atlantic, across the Indian Ocean and into the Pacific.
They love to hang out on rocky shores and coral reefs where there is plenty of heavy wave action.
The largest males can grow up to 46 cm in length and weigh about 1.2 kg.
George is a carnivore. He likes to eat sea urchins, crabs, molluscs, worms and other invertebates, and even small fish. You can see a surge wrasse feeding on fish in the video, ‘Lifecycle of the mouthbrooding Norfolk Cardinalfish, below.
They are protogynous hermaphrodite, in that females change sex to become males.
It is a pelagic spawner. The eggs and sperm are broadcast into the surface waters of the open ocean.
They are thought to live for ten years in the wild.

The surge wrasse’s protractile mouth juts outwards (Norfolk Island)

Surge wrasse are members of the wrasse family (Labridae) many of which are brightly coloured. I have noted 22 species of wrasse living inside our lagoons so far. If you include parrotfish (Scaridae), which are traditionally referred to as a separate family, but are now often treated as wrasse, there are an additional five species that I have recorded here.

Like many members of the wrasse family, they have protractile mouths, with separate jaw teeth that project forward, and fleshy lips.

References

Jul 28, 2025

Reef relief

Today, 28 July, is World Nature Conservation Day. After the dry 2024, Norfolk Island’s reef is looking healthier – a brief reprieve as less water - laden with nutrients - flowed into the lagoon. These photos show what’s possible. It’s a reminder that recovery is within reach – though renewed runoff could quickly undo the gains.

Jul 20, 2025

Emily Bay's big 'brain' coral

In Emily Bay, Norfolk Island, a single coral bommie – Paragoniastrea australensis – has stood for decades as a micro-reef, harbouring diverse marine life and local memories. Once photographed in 1988 and still thriving today, it remains a keystone of reef biodiversity and a living link between past and present.

Jul 14, 2025

Biodiversity matters

Over five and a half years of snorkelling Norfolk’s lagoon, we’ve documented 23 fish species not previously recorded in this area. Some are local ghosts, others climate migrants. These observations help us understand and protect what makes our reef so special.

Jun 17, 2025

Poop power

Not all poop on a reef is bad poop. In fact some kinds of poop can be a reef’s most important invisible engine. Fish poop, bird poop – even poop that gets eaten again by other fish – all of it keeps the ecosystem ticking over in a way that’s nothing short of extraordinary.

Jun 13, 2025

Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it

Day 6 of this photo series from Norfolk Island coincides with the final day of the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. After a week of documenting decline, today’s post offers a different view – what reef recovery can look like when conditions improve. Drought in 2024 gave the reef a break, and the results were unmistakable: healthier corals, lower disease, and more fish. This is what’s possible if we act.

Jun 12, 2025

Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies

Day 5 of my blog series for the UN Ocean Conference: two long-lived coral colonies in Norfolk’s lagoon died quietly from disease. No drama – just slow collapse and overgrowth by algae. A reminder that not all reef losses are loud, but they are happening.

Jun 11, 2025

Warning signs: what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us

Day 4 of a week-long photo series from Norfolk Island, shared during the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. Today’s post spotlights a Hydnophora pilosa colony where white syndrome appeared suddenly and spread quickly, taking out around a quarter of the coral. In the months that followed, algae quietly filled the gap – a subtle but telling shift from coral to algae that’s happening across the reef.

Jun 10, 2025

Warning signs: coral disease takes hold

In Day 3 of this blog post series, published while leaders gather at the UN Ocean Conference in Nice, we see Norfolk Island’s coral reef lagoon quietly delivering a stark warning: recurrent land-based pollution, coral disease, and delayed decisions are dismantling this ecosystem in real time.

Jun 9, 2025

Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef

Day 2’s post coinciding with the UN Ocean Conference looks at coral growth anomalies – sometimes called coral ‘cancers’. These slow-moving diseases quietly weaken coral colonies, making them far more vulnerable to storm damage and algal takeover. On Norfolk Island’s reef, I’ve watched this exact process play out over several years. This is how chronic stress silently dismantles coral ecosystems.

Jun 8, 2025

Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef

Today is World Ocean Day — a timely moment to launch my week-long blog series on Norfolk Island’s reef. Each day this week, I’ll be sharing photo essays that document the slow but steady pressures reshaping this fragile reef. Today: how shifting baselines make us blind to what we’ve already lost.