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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

Emily Bay, Norfolk Island

When plastic (and gold wedding) rings escape into the wild

May 11, 2021

Like many places around the globe, Norfolk Island has its issues with getting rid of waste. Even so, Norfolk Island is one of the cleanest places I’ve seen (think Indonesia, Fiji, even the Gold Coast and Noosa). But residents know that we definitely can’t be complacent. The problem of rubbish disposal is an on-going one and one that is being given serious consideration by our local government. Finding the right solution is not always straightforward, easy or cheap.

In April, I took part in a clean-up of our beaches; it wasn’t perfect by any means. We picked up plenty of our own rubbish and some that had obviously drifted in on the wind and currents from elsewhere in the Pacific.

Rubbish is a huge community responsibility – it is taken seriously by residents.

Throughout the year, many locals pick up stray rubbish on their walks and swims. We have some great retail outlets here that promote a zero-plastic ethos (Prinke Eco Store in Burnt Pine is the flag-bearer on this one) and many shops don’t provide plastic bags. Some food retailers encourage customers to bring their own take-away containers. In addition, we have a dedicated group of local volunteers who stitch hundreds of boomerang bags every year for visitors and locals to use.

View fullsize Left and middle: two mullet with plastic collars
Left and middle: two mullet with plastic collars
View fullsize 15 Feb 2021 (96)_crop.jpg
View fullsize A mullet wearing a gold wedding band
A mullet wearing a gold wedding band

So, back in February 2021, it was gut-wrenching to see a couple of sand mullet, Myxus elongatus, wearing plastic collars – those rings found on plastic juice and milk bottles. Sometimes these rings escape into the wild, and this is the sad consequence. Mullet snuffle through the sand looking for food making it so easy for a ring or hair tie to flip over their noses and get stuck.


It is such a quick job to prise the collar off the bottle and snip it before putting it in your waste.


Some of the rubbish picked up by volunteers on clean-up day in April 2021

Yesterday, I saw another mullet with a ring collar, but this one looked a shiny metallic gold, with a lot less algal growth compared to the plastic ones (see righthand image). I recalled that someone had posted on our local community social media pages about a large man’s wedding ring that had gone missing in the bay earlier this year, so I decided to see if I could find the possible owner. It didn’t take long for my suspicion to be confirmed; we now have a poor mullet weighed down with someone’s (expensive) gold wedding ring.

Injecting some levity into the situation, one local wag hilariously commented, ‘Precious … maybe Peter Jackson can come over and make wun movie … LORD OF THE MULLET!’ You have to laugh!

Always trying to find the positives of any given situation, I see this as an incentive to encourage someone to relieve the poor fish of its handicap. If the ring had been boring plastic that incentive wouldn’t exist. I also see this as a great opportunity to raise awareness about this issue.

But it isn’t just about the immediate horror of seeing a fish being slowly strangled by our refuse. Earlier this week I found five golf balls in Emily Bay, all in the same vicinity, obviously deliberately driven into the bay. The following day I found another two.

A golf ball is a serious environmental hazard. As it breaks down, the core of rubber innards unravels. All 275 metres of it. This long elastic band floats, wrapping around seaweed and corals, while the outer core disintegrates into small micro-shards of plastic that are ingested by fish and plankton. Eventually, you will be eating this plastic.

And that is before you start talking about the chemicals used in the balls: zinc oxide, zinc acrylate and benzoyl peroxide are all added to the mix when the balls are manufactured. When these leach into the marine environment, and they will, they are seriously toxic to marine life.

So while seven golf balls in Emily Bay can easily be dismissed as being a minor infringement, I bet there are a whole lot more off the other coastal fringes of Norfolk Island’s golf course. I appreciate that many of these go in accidentally, but the ones in Emily Bay had to have been hit in there for ‘fun’. Why someone would do that is another question altogether, and one I can’t answer.

Like many communities, residents of Norfolk Island are doing their best, which is, I think, a lot better than most. However, we all need to remain extra vigilant. And be aware of the consequences of our actions.

Snip those plastic rings, try to keep hair ties in your hair and not let them float away, and don’t drive golf balls into beautiful Emily. She doesn’t need them.

As for the poor mullet with the gold collar. Here’s hoping we can deliver a happy ending to his story and for the owner of the wedding ring! The mullet has a life to live and it’s only fair he gets to live it.

View fullsize Golf balls and (lots) of hair ties
Golf balls and (lots) of hair ties
View fullsize 9 May 2021 (132)_crop.jpg
← Snip the (plastic) rings!Here's looking at you! →
Featured
Reef relief
Jul 28, 2025
Reef relief
Jul 28, 2025

Today, 28 July, is World Nature Conservation Day. After the dry 2024, Norfolk Island’s reef is looking healthier – a brief reprieve as less water - laden with nutrients - flowed into the lagoon. These photos show what’s possible. It’s a reminder that recovery is within reach – though renewed runoff could quickly undo the gains.

Jul 28, 2025
Emily Bay's big 'brain' coral
Jul 20, 2025
Emily Bay's big 'brain' coral
Jul 20, 2025

In Emily Bay, Norfolk Island, a single coral bommie – Paragoniastrea australensis – has stood for decades as a micro-reef, harbouring diverse marine life and local memories. Once photographed in 1988 and still thriving today, it remains a keystone of reef biodiversity and a living link between past and present.

Jul 20, 2025
Biodiversity matters
Jul 14, 2025
Biodiversity matters
Jul 14, 2025

Over five and a half years of snorkelling Norfolk’s lagoon, we’ve documented 23 fish species not previously recorded in this area. Some are local ghosts, others climate migrants. These observations help us understand and protect what makes our reef so special.

Jul 14, 2025
Poop power
Jun 17, 2025
Poop power
Jun 17, 2025

Not all poop on a reef is bad poop. In fact some kinds of poop can be a reef’s most important invisible engine. Fish poop, bird poop – even poop that gets eaten again by other fish – all of it keeps the ecosystem ticking over in a way that’s nothing short of extraordinary.

Jun 17, 2025
Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
Jun 13, 2025
Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
Jun 13, 2025

Day 6 of this photo series from Norfolk Island coincides with the final day of the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. After a week of documenting decline, today’s post offers a different view – what reef recovery can look like when conditions improve. Drought in 2024 gave the reef a break, and the results were unmistakable: healthier corals, lower disease, and more fish. This is what’s possible if we act.

Jun 13, 2025
Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies
Jun 12, 2025
Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies
Jun 12, 2025

Day 5 of my blog series for the UN Ocean Conference: two long-lived coral colonies in Norfolk’s lagoon died quietly from disease. No drama – just slow collapse and overgrowth by algae. A reminder that not all reef losses are loud, but they are happening.

Jun 12, 2025
Warning signs:  what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us
Jun 11, 2025
Warning signs: what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us
Jun 11, 2025

Day 4 of a week-long photo series from Norfolk Island, shared during the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. Today’s post spotlights a Hydnophora pilosa colony where white syndrome appeared suddenly and spread quickly, taking out around a quarter of the coral. In the months that followed, algae quietly filled the gap – a subtle but telling shift from coral to algae that’s happening across the reef.

Jun 11, 2025
Warning signs: coral disease takes hold
Jun 10, 2025
Warning signs: coral disease takes hold
Jun 10, 2025

In Day 3 of this blog post series, published while leaders gather at the UN Ocean Conference in Nice, we see Norfolk Island’s coral reef lagoon quietly delivering a stark warning: recurrent land-based pollution, coral disease, and delayed decisions are dismantling this ecosystem in real time.

Jun 10, 2025
Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef
Jun 9, 2025
Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef
Jun 9, 2025

Day 2’s post coinciding with the UN Ocean Conference looks at coral growth anomalies – sometimes called coral ‘cancers’. These slow-moving diseases quietly weaken coral colonies, making them far more vulnerable to storm damage and algal takeover. On Norfolk Island’s reef, I’ve watched this exact process play out over several years. This is how chronic stress silently dismantles coral ecosystems.

Jun 9, 2025
Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef
Jun 8, 2025
Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef
Jun 8, 2025

Today is World Ocean Day — a timely moment to launch my week-long blog series on Norfolk Island’s reef. Each day this week, I’ll be sharing photo essays that document the slow but steady pressures reshaping this fragile reef. Today: how shifting baselines make us blind to what we’ve already lost.

Jun 8, 2025

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