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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

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Emily Bay, Norfolk Island

When plastic (and gold wedding) rings escape into the wild

May 11, 2021

Like many places around the globe, Norfolk Island has its issues with getting rid of waste. Even so, Norfolk Island is one of the cleanest places I’ve seen (think Indonesia, Fiji, even the Gold Coast and Noosa). But residents know that we definitely can’t be complacent. The problem of rubbish disposal is an on-going one and one that is being given serious consideration by our local government. Finding the right solution is not always straightforward, easy or cheap.

In April, I took part in a clean-up of our beaches; it wasn’t perfect by any means. We picked up plenty of our own rubbish and some that had obviously drifted in on the wind and currents from elsewhere in the Pacific.

Rubbish is a huge community responsibility – it is taken seriously by residents.

Throughout the year, many locals pick up stray rubbish on their walks and swims. We have some great retail outlets here that promote a zero-plastic ethos (Prinke Eco Store in Burnt Pine is the flag-bearer on this one) and many shops don’t provide plastic bags. Some food retailers encourage customers to bring their own take-away containers. In addition, we have a dedicated group of local volunteers who stitch hundreds of boomerang bags every year for visitors and locals to use.

View fullsize Left and middle: two mullet with plastic collars
Left and middle: two mullet with plastic collars
View fullsize 15 Feb 2021 (96)_crop.jpg
View fullsize A mullet wearing a gold wedding band
A mullet wearing a gold wedding band

So, back in February 2021, it was gut-wrenching to see a couple of sand mullet, Myxus elongatus, wearing plastic collars – those rings found on plastic juice and milk bottles. Sometimes these rings escape into the wild, and this is the sad consequence. Mullet snuffle through the sand looking for food making it so easy for a ring or hair tie to flip over their noses and get stuck.


It is such a quick job to prise the collar off the bottle and snip it before putting it in your waste.


Some of the rubbish picked up by volunteers on clean-up day in April 2021

Yesterday, I saw another mullet with a ring collar, but this one looked a shiny metallic gold, with a lot less algal growth compared to the plastic ones (see righthand image). I recalled that someone had posted on our local community social media pages about a large man’s wedding ring that had gone missing in the bay earlier this year, so I decided to see if I could find the possible owner. It didn’t take long for my suspicion to be confirmed; we now have a poor mullet weighed down with someone’s (expensive) gold wedding ring.

Injecting some levity into the situation, one local wag hilariously commented, ‘Precious … maybe Peter Jackson can come over and make wun movie … LORD OF THE MULLET!’ You have to laugh!

Always trying to find the positives of any given situation, I see this as an incentive to encourage someone to relieve the poor fish of its handicap. If the ring had been boring plastic that incentive wouldn’t exist. I also see this as a great opportunity to raise awareness about this issue.

But it isn’t just about the immediate horror of seeing a fish being slowly strangled by our refuse. Earlier this week I found five golf balls in Emily Bay, all in the same vicinity, obviously deliberately driven into the bay. The following day I found another two.

A golf ball is a serious environmental hazard. As it breaks down, the core of rubber innards unravels. All 275 metres of it. This long elastic band floats, wrapping around seaweed and corals, while the outer core disintegrates into small micro-shards of plastic that are ingested by fish and plankton. Eventually, you will be eating this plastic.

And that is before you start talking about the chemicals used in the balls: zinc oxide, zinc acrylate and benzoyl peroxide are all added to the mix when the balls are manufactured. When these leach into the marine environment, and they will, they are seriously toxic to marine life.

So while seven golf balls in Emily Bay can easily be dismissed as being a minor infringement, I bet there are a whole lot more off the other coastal fringes of Norfolk Island’s golf course. I appreciate that many of these go in accidentally, but the ones in Emily Bay had to have been hit in there for ‘fun’. Why someone would do that is another question altogether, and one I can’t answer.

Like many communities, residents of Norfolk Island are doing their best, which is, I think, a lot better than most. However, we all need to remain extra vigilant. And be aware of the consequences of our actions.

Snip those plastic rings, try to keep hair ties in your hair and not let them float away, and don’t drive golf balls into beautiful Emily. She doesn’t need them.

As for the poor mullet with the gold collar. Here’s hoping we can deliver a happy ending to his story and for the owner of the wedding ring! The mullet has a life to live and it’s only fair he gets to live it.

View fullsize Golf balls and (lots) of hair ties
Golf balls and (lots) of hair ties
View fullsize 9 May 2021 (132)_crop.jpg
← Snip the (plastic) rings!Here's looking at you! →
Featured
What Norfolk Island’s reef tells us about environmental blind spots
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The Kingston dredging proposal on Norfolk Island raises a bigger question than dredging alone: how well do standard environmental assessment tools capture the real significance of a remote and unusual reef system like Norfolk Island’s?

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Hammer coral time!
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Norfolk Island’s fishes: drifters, residents and the ones still missing
Mar 24, 2026
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Norfolk Island’s fish fauna reflects both connection and isolation. Some species may arrive from elsewhere as drifting larvae, some populations appear to persist locally, and some fishes known from islands on either side of Norfolk have still not been recorded here. This post looks at what old survey work, regional checklists and genetic studies suggest about that more complicated picture.

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18 Jun 2025 (20)_crop.jpg
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Alveopora or flowerpot coral – how to tell the difference
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They look alike at first glance, but Alveopora and flowerpot corals are not the same. The easiest way to tell them apart is to count the tentacles.

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Norfolk’s lagoonal reef – the 2025 report, in plain English
Feb 27, 2026
Norfolk’s lagoonal reef – the 2025 report, in plain English
Feb 27, 2026

We now have the 2025 Norfolk Island reef health report, so I’m taking the opportunity to translate it into plain English here. Sadly, it’s more of the same story in Emily and Slaughter Bays – a reef that can cope with some stress, but is being asked to cope with too much, too often.

Feb 27, 2026
Halimeda’s night shift – why this reef algae changes colour
Feb 20, 2026
Halimeda’s night shift – why this reef algae changes colour
Feb 20, 2026

Halimeda is a calcareous green reef alga that forms new segments overnight, shifts from white to bright green by dawn, then pales again as calcification begins. A quick look at one of the reef’s smartest algae.

Feb 20, 2026
Reef real estate – a bubble-tip’s six-year stand-off
Jan 11, 2026
Reef real estate – a bubble-tip’s six-year stand-off
Jan 11, 2026

Reef space is finite, and nothing ‘shares’ it politely. This short photo essay follows one bubble-tip anemone on Norfolk Island’s lagoonal reef as it holds a crater surrounded by Montipora. The coral builds a rim; the anemone holds the centre. Six years apart, and the argument continues.

Jan 11, 2026
A year in review – 2025 on Norfolk Island's reef
Dec 28, 2025
A year in review – 2025 on Norfolk Island's reef
Dec 28, 2025

Norfolk Island’s reef in 2025 – a year in review. From NOAA bleaching alerts and the UN Ocean Conference ‘Warning Signs’ series to post-drought coral recovery and a wet winter revealed in long-term rainfall records, this post captures the wins, losses, and shifting baselines beneath the lagoon. Includes reef photos, highlights from Reef Relief, and standout stories from 2025 – from coral health and disease to boxfish biomimicry, sea urchins, nudibranchs, and heat-stress signals in anemones.

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Herbicides, heritage, and an inshore reef: what happens when land management meets lagoon health
Dec 15, 2025
Herbicides, heritage, and an inshore reef: what happens when land management meets lagoon health
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Herbicide use near Emily, Slaughter and Cemetery Bays raises questions about inshore reef health, heritage land management, and environmental protection on Norfolk Island.

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Signs of bleaching – 8 December 2025
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Signs of bleaching – 8 December 2025
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I took these photographs this morning, Monday, 8 December 2025. A few warm days of settled weather, little cloud cover and low tides in the hottest part of the day have led to some early bleaching on our reef. Bleaching doesn’t always mean death for our corals, but it is concerning to have this so early in the summer season. Fingers crossed the conditions don’t last and the reef can recover.

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