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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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    • Reef Fish
    • Sharks
    • Eels
    • Corals
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    • Octopuses
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

Surge wrasse - Thalassoma purpureum

Nuptial colouration in blennies

October 12, 2021

It has been a stellar long weekend here on Norfolk Island. Show Day yesterday saw everyone out enjoying themselves, admiring the exhibits and catching up with friends. We have been very lucky here with regards to the pandemic. So far. But we mustn’t be complacent.

A couple of weeks ago I mentioned the Lady Musgrave blenny, Cirripectes chelomatus, and how I anticipated they would be changing colour any day now. Sure enough, I photographed one individual on 5 October, and he was dark in colour with just the teeniest beginnings of a colour change showing. That same individual now has his best bib and tucker on just five days later – presumably looking for a like-minded blenny to share red wine by the fire and moonlit beach walks! I am very confident this is the same individual. I visit him all year long (and we are on first name terms!). This is a remarkable change. On iNaturalist, a citizen science site for posting observations of plants and animals, the identifier of my observation referred to it as ‘nuptial coloration’. There’s a great little article on this phenomenon here: ‘Men With Style – Nuptial Colouration in Fish’.

View fullsize Lad Musgrave blenny, 5 October 2021
Lad Musgrave blenny, 5 October 2021
View fullsize Lady Musgrave blenny, 10 October 2021
Lady Musgrave blenny, 10 October 2021
View fullsize Pacific rockcod - Trachypoma macracanthus
Pacific rockcod - Trachypoma macracanthus
View fullsize Norfolk cardinalfish, male on left
Norfolk cardinalfish, male on left

In the water has been fantastic, too. It is warming up, and with that some small changes in behaviour are apparent. For example, the Norfolk cardinalfish, Ostorhinchus norfolcensis, are pairing off. These guys are mouth breeders, so the male keeps the eggs safely in there until they hatch. I did a story about them on this blog last year. It is fascinating, so do check it out. There were plenty of Pacific rockcod, Trachypoma macracanthus, hanging around down in Slaughter as well. Preferring to hide under reef overhangs, it is lovely when you catch one out in the open. Such a splash of colour.

At the far end of Slaughter Bay, almost as far as you can go before you hit the shallows near the pier, I came across our resident female southern eagle ray, Myliobatis tenuicaudatus. She has been around quite a while – I’d love to know how long – and is easily recognised because of her stumpy tail. She ranges throughout the lagoons, and in fact the next day I saw her just off Lone Pine. She was totally unconcerned as I watched, approaching me as she concentrated on bashing down into the sand to find some tasty morsels. An inscribed wrasse, Notolabrus inscriptus, followed her closely, just in case she missed something!

View fullsize Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
View fullsize Inscibed wrasse waiting behind
Inscibed wrasse waiting behind
View fullsize Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
View fullsize Inscribed wrasse just behind
Inscribed wrasse just behind

I also took some more photos of under the raft. I have discussed this before, here. But, in brief, over the years the raft has provided shelter beneath its timbers for a thriving fish nursery. Beneath the raft was an amazing sight, teeming with fry. I have photos of it before it was rebuilt with flotation tanks in the spaces between the timbers, and since. For whatever reason, the fish simply have not used the raft that much since it was rebuilt. We have had no babies to speak of under here since we got the new design. Those we do get can’t hide from the trevally as they sweep past in a pack hunting for a meal. How this translates to numbers of fish at large in the bay, I have no idea. I’ve only posted a photo from before and from this week on here. I’ve recorded the whole story every month in between, and nothing.

View fullsize The old raft, 24 April 2020
The old raft, 24 April 2020
View fullsize The new raft, 10 October 2021
The new raft, 10 October 2021

In last weekend’s newspaper, we had the monthly newsletter from the Administration in which he spelled out the issues with the water quality around the island, and particularly in the lagoon areas. On one hand, it is sad to see, but also, it has been something of the elephant in the room. Now we have recognition of the problem by the Commonwealth Government, then perhaps we are on the path to realising a solution. And we need a solution very soon. You can find more on my thoughts about the situation in this article, here, ‘The State of Play on Norfolk Island’s Reef’.

Until next week … 

Tags nuptual colouration, Blenny, Emily Bay, Raft, pontoon, Southern Eagle Ray, environment, ecosystem, water quality
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Featured
Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
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Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
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Day 6 of this photo series from Norfolk Island coincides with the final day of the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. After a week of documenting decline, today’s post offers a different view – what reef recovery can look like when conditions improve. Drought in 2024 gave the reef a break, and the results were unmistakable: healthier corals, lower disease, and more fish. This is what’s possible if we act.

Jun 13, 2025
Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies
Jun 12, 2025
Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies
Jun 12, 2025

Day 5 of my blog series for the UN Ocean Conference: two long-lived coral colonies in Norfolk’s lagoon died quietly from disease. No drama – just slow collapse and overgrowth by algae. A reminder that not all reef losses are loud, but they are happening.

Jun 12, 2025
Warning signs:  what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us
Jun 11, 2025
Warning signs: what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us
Jun 11, 2025

Day 4 of a week-long photo series from Norfolk Island, shared during the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. Today’s post spotlights a Hydnophora pilosa colony where white syndrome appeared suddenly and spread quickly, taking out around a quarter of the coral. In the months that followed, algae quietly filled the gap – a subtle but telling shift from coral to algae that’s happening across the reef.

Jun 11, 2025
Warning signs: coral disease takes hold
Jun 10, 2025
Warning signs: coral disease takes hold
Jun 10, 2025

In Day 3 of this blog post series, published while leaders gather at the UN Ocean Conference in Nice, we see Norfolk Island’s coral reef lagoon quietly delivering a stark warning: recurrent land-based pollution, coral disease, and delayed decisions are dismantling this ecosystem in real time.

Jun 10, 2025
Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef
Jun 9, 2025
Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef
Jun 9, 2025

Day 2’s post coinciding with the UN Ocean Conference looks at coral growth anomalies – sometimes called coral ‘cancers’. These slow-moving diseases quietly weaken coral colonies, making them far more vulnerable to storm damage and algal takeover. On Norfolk Island’s reef, I’ve watched this exact process play out over several years. This is how chronic stress silently dismantles coral ecosystems.

Jun 9, 2025
Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef
Jun 8, 2025
Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef
Jun 8, 2025

Today is World Ocean Day — a timely moment to launch my week-long blog series on Norfolk Island’s reef. Each day this week, I’ll be sharing photo essays that document the slow but steady pressures reshaping this fragile reef. Today: how shifting baselines make us blind to what we’ve already lost.

Jun 8, 2025
The Governance–Government Vacuum: Norfolk Island’s Forgotten Ecology
Apr 29, 2025
The Governance–Government Vacuum: Norfolk Island’s Forgotten Ecology
Apr 29, 2025

A personal reflection on Norfolk Island’s coral reef environment, political denial, and what John Wyndham’s The Kraken Wakes can still teach us about slow-moving disasters — and why this election matters more than ever.

Apr 29, 2025
Cute as buttons – Astrea curta
Feb 20, 2025
Cute as buttons – Astrea curta
Feb 20, 2025

Astrea curta corals are ‘small, moderately plocoid [flattened], distinct, and almost circular’ . Normally grey-green in colour, you can see from the images here, ours are often beautiful rich gold, although they do vary. They have a neat growth habit and button-like corallites, which can grow in columns, spherically or flattened. Large colonies of these can form gorgeous undulating bumps.

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From 'Watch' to 'Warning'
Jan 26, 2025
From 'Watch' to 'Warning'
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Last week, the chance of coral bleaching in Norfolk Island’s inshore lagoons was raised from ‘Watch’ to ‘Warning’ and will more than likely rise to Alert levels one and two in coming weeks. So why do I worry about water quality all the time when bleaching seems inevitable these days and so the reef is probably doomed anyway? Read on to find out.

Jan 26, 2025
From little things – watching them grow
Jan 4, 2025
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Jan 4, 2025

Small numbers of different fish species is not an unusual phenomenon on Norfolk Island’s reef, but it does demonstrate what a tiny, precious, coral reef ecosystem we have, when we can count individuals on one hand and watch each of them grow, like these little blackeye thicklips, a member of the wrasse family.

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