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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

Surge wrasse - Thalassoma purpureum

Nuptial colouration in blennies

October 12, 2021

It has been a stellar long weekend here on Norfolk Island. Show Day yesterday saw everyone out enjoying themselves, admiring the exhibits and catching up with friends. We have been very lucky here with regards to the pandemic. So far. But we mustn’t be complacent.

A couple of weeks ago I mentioned the Lady Musgrave blenny, Cirripectes chelomatus, and how I anticipated they would be changing colour any day now. Sure enough, I photographed one individual on 5 October, and he was dark in colour with just the teeniest beginnings of a colour change showing. That same individual now has his best bib and tucker on just five days later – presumably looking for a like-minded blenny to share red wine by the fire and moonlit beach walks! I am very confident this is the same individual. I visit him all year long (and we are on first name terms!). This is a remarkable change. On iNaturalist, a citizen science site for posting observations of plants and animals, the identifier of my observation referred to it as ‘nuptial coloration’. There’s a great little article on this phenomenon here: ‘Men With Style – Nuptial Colouration in Fish’.

View fullsize Lad Musgrave blenny, 5 October 2021
Lad Musgrave blenny, 5 October 2021
View fullsize Lady Musgrave blenny, 10 October 2021
Lady Musgrave blenny, 10 October 2021
View fullsize Pacific rockcod - Trachypoma macracanthus
Pacific rockcod - Trachypoma macracanthus
View fullsize Norfolk cardinalfish, male on left
Norfolk cardinalfish, male on left

In the water has been fantastic, too. It is warming up, and with that some small changes in behaviour are apparent. For example, the Norfolk cardinalfish, Ostorhinchus norfolcensis, are pairing off. These guys are mouth breeders, so the male keeps the eggs safely in there until they hatch. I did a story about them on this blog last year. It is fascinating, so do check it out. There were plenty of Pacific rockcod, Trachypoma macracanthus, hanging around down in Slaughter as well. Preferring to hide under reef overhangs, it is lovely when you catch one out in the open. Such a splash of colour.

At the far end of Slaughter Bay, almost as far as you can go before you hit the shallows near the pier, I came across our resident female southern eagle ray, Myliobatis tenuicaudatus. She has been around quite a while – I’d love to know how long – and is easily recognised because of her stumpy tail. She ranges throughout the lagoons, and in fact the next day I saw her just off Lone Pine. She was totally unconcerned as I watched, approaching me as she concentrated on bashing down into the sand to find some tasty morsels. An inscribed wrasse, Notolabrus inscriptus, followed her closely, just in case she missed something!

View fullsize Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
View fullsize Inscibed wrasse waiting behind
Inscibed wrasse waiting behind
View fullsize Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
View fullsize Inscribed wrasse just behind
Inscribed wrasse just behind

I also took some more photos of under the raft. I have discussed this before, here. But, in brief, over the years the raft has provided shelter beneath its timbers for a thriving fish nursery. Beneath the raft was an amazing sight, teeming with fry. I have photos of it before it was rebuilt with flotation tanks in the spaces between the timbers, and since. For whatever reason, the fish simply have not used the raft that much since it was rebuilt. We have had no babies to speak of under here since we got the new design. Those we do get can’t hide from the trevally as they sweep past in a pack hunting for a meal. How this translates to numbers of fish at large in the bay, I have no idea. I’ve only posted a photo from before and from this week on here. I’ve recorded the whole story every month in between, and nothing.

View fullsize The old raft, 24 April 2020
The old raft, 24 April 2020
View fullsize The new raft, 10 October 2021
The new raft, 10 October 2021

In last weekend’s newspaper, we had the monthly newsletter from the Administration in which he spelled out the issues with the water quality around the island, and particularly in the lagoon areas. On one hand, it is sad to see, but also, it has been something of the elephant in the room. Now we have recognition of the problem by the Commonwealth Government, then perhaps we are on the path to realising a solution. And we need a solution very soon. You can find more on my thoughts about the situation in this article, here, ‘The State of Play on Norfolk Island’s Reef’.

Until next week … 

Tags nuptual colouration, Blenny, Emily Bay, Raft, pontoon, Southern Eagle Ray, environment, ecosystem, water quality
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Featured
18 Jun 2025 (20)_crop.jpg
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Norfolk’s lagoonal reef – the 2025 report, in plain English
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We now have the 2025 Norfolk Island reef health report, so I’m taking the opportunity to translate it into plain English here. Sadly, it’s more of the same story in Emily and Slaughter Bays – a reef that can cope with some stress, but is being asked to cope with too much, too often.

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Halimeda’s night shift – why this reef algae changes colour
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Halimeda’s night shift – why this reef algae changes colour
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Reef real estate – a bubble-tip’s six-year stand-off
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Reef space is finite, and nothing ‘shares’ it politely. This short photo essay follows one bubble-tip anemone on Norfolk Island’s lagoonal reef as it holds a crater surrounded by Montipora. The coral builds a rim; the anemone holds the centre. Six years apart, and the argument continues.

Jan 11, 2026
A year in review – 2025 on Norfolk Island's reef
Dec 28, 2025
A year in review – 2025 on Norfolk Island's reef
Dec 28, 2025

Norfolk Island’s reef in 2025 – a year in review. From NOAA bleaching alerts and the UN Ocean Conference ‘Warning Signs’ series to post-drought coral recovery and a wet winter revealed in long-term rainfall records, this post captures the wins, losses, and shifting baselines beneath the lagoon. Includes reef photos, highlights from Reef Relief, and standout stories from 2025 – from coral health and disease to boxfish biomimicry, sea urchins, nudibranchs, and heat-stress signals in anemones.

Dec 28, 2025
Herbicides, heritage, and an inshore reef: what happens when land management meets lagoon health
Dec 15, 2025
Herbicides, heritage, and an inshore reef: what happens when land management meets lagoon health
Dec 15, 2025

Herbicide use near Emily, Slaughter and Cemetery Bays raises questions about inshore reef health, heritage land management, and environmental protection on Norfolk Island.

Dec 15, 2025
Signs of bleaching – 8 December 2025
Dec 8, 2025
Signs of bleaching – 8 December 2025
Dec 8, 2025

I took these photographs this morning, Monday, 8 December 2025. A few warm days of settled weather, little cloud cover and low tides in the hottest part of the day have led to some early bleaching on our reef. Bleaching doesn’t always mean death for our corals, but it is concerning to have this so early in the summer season. Fingers crossed the conditions don’t last and the reef can recover.

Dec 8, 2025
Nature is my teacher
Dec 3, 2025
Nature is my teacher
Dec 3, 2025

This is a thank-you note. Five years after my first Out on a swim post – written with zero marine science quals and a head full of questions – I’m still in the water, now as a PhD candidate, because an extraordinary mix of locals, volunteers, researchers and public servants decided to share what they knew. This is the story of how nature – and a very patient community – became my teachers.

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Reef grief: what dredging has done to other reefs
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Reef grief: what dredging has done to other reefs
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From Miami to Fiji, from Dubai to tiny village harbours on atolls, dredging near coral reefs has left a long trail of scars – even on ‘small’ projects. This follow-up to last week’s Kingston post walks through real examples of what happened elsewhere, and what that should make us think about before we dig up our own reef.

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To dredge or not to dredge? The Kingston Pier channel project
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How much risk are we really taking with the planned dredging at Kingston Pier – and how much protection do our corals actually have on paper? This piece walks through what the federal approval does and doesn’t guarantee, explains why sediment and light matter so much to the reef, and asks the hard questions we need answered before we trade a deeper channel for a shallower future.

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