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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

Surge wrasse - Thalassoma purpureum

Nuptial colouration in blennies

October 12, 2021

It has been a stellar long weekend here on Norfolk Island. Show Day yesterday saw everyone out enjoying themselves, admiring the exhibits and catching up with friends. We have been very lucky here with regards to the pandemic. So far. But we mustn’t be complacent.

A couple of weeks ago I mentioned the Lady Musgrave blenny, Cirripectes chelomatus, and how I anticipated they would be changing colour any day now. Sure enough, I photographed one individual on 5 October, and he was dark in colour with just the teeniest beginnings of a colour change showing. That same individual now has his best bib and tucker on just five days later – presumably looking for a like-minded blenny to share red wine by the fire and moonlit beach walks! I am very confident this is the same individual. I visit him all year long (and we are on first name terms!). This is a remarkable change. On iNaturalist, a citizen science site for posting observations of plants and animals, the identifier of my observation referred to it as ‘nuptial coloration’. There’s a great little article on this phenomenon here: ‘Men With Style – Nuptial Colouration in Fish’.

View fullsize Lad Musgrave blenny, 5 October 2021
Lad Musgrave blenny, 5 October 2021
View fullsize Lady Musgrave blenny, 10 October 2021
Lady Musgrave blenny, 10 October 2021
View fullsize Pacific rockcod - Trachypoma macracanthus
Pacific rockcod - Trachypoma macracanthus
View fullsize Norfolk cardinalfish, male on left
Norfolk cardinalfish, male on left

In the water has been fantastic, too. It is warming up, and with that some small changes in behaviour are apparent. For example, the Norfolk cardinalfish, Ostorhinchus norfolcensis, are pairing off. These guys are mouth breeders, so the male keeps the eggs safely in there until they hatch. I did a story about them on this blog last year. It is fascinating, so do check it out. There were plenty of Pacific rockcod, Trachypoma macracanthus, hanging around down in Slaughter as well. Preferring to hide under reef overhangs, it is lovely when you catch one out in the open. Such a splash of colour.

At the far end of Slaughter Bay, almost as far as you can go before you hit the shallows near the pier, I came across our resident female southern eagle ray, Myliobatis tenuicaudatus. She has been around quite a while – I’d love to know how long – and is easily recognised because of her stumpy tail. She ranges throughout the lagoons, and in fact the next day I saw her just off Lone Pine. She was totally unconcerned as I watched, approaching me as she concentrated on bashing down into the sand to find some tasty morsels. An inscribed wrasse, Notolabrus inscriptus, followed her closely, just in case she missed something!

View fullsize Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
View fullsize Inscibed wrasse waiting behind
Inscibed wrasse waiting behind
View fullsize Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
Southern eagle ray - Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
View fullsize Inscribed wrasse just behind
Inscribed wrasse just behind

I also took some more photos of under the raft. I have discussed this before, here. But, in brief, over the years the raft has provided shelter beneath its timbers for a thriving fish nursery. Beneath the raft was an amazing sight, teeming with fry. I have photos of it before it was rebuilt with flotation tanks in the spaces between the timbers, and since. For whatever reason, the fish simply have not used the raft that much since it was rebuilt. We have had no babies to speak of under here since we got the new design. Those we do get can’t hide from the trevally as they sweep past in a pack hunting for a meal. How this translates to numbers of fish at large in the bay, I have no idea. I’ve only posted a photo from before and from this week on here. I’ve recorded the whole story every month in between, and nothing.

View fullsize The old raft, 24 April 2020
The old raft, 24 April 2020
View fullsize The new raft, 10 October 2021
The new raft, 10 October 2021

In last weekend’s newspaper, we had the monthly newsletter from the Administration in which he spelled out the issues with the water quality around the island, and particularly in the lagoon areas. On one hand, it is sad to see, but also, it has been something of the elephant in the room. Now we have recognition of the problem by the Commonwealth Government, then perhaps we are on the path to realising a solution. And we need a solution very soon. You can find more on my thoughts about the situation in this article, here, ‘The State of Play on Norfolk Island’s Reef’.

Until next week … 

Tags nuptual colouration, Blenny, Emily Bay, Raft, pontoon, Southern Eagle Ray, environment, ecosystem, water quality
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Featured
Celebrating Biodiversity Month on Norfolk Island
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Celebrating Biodiversity Month on Norfolk Island
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September is Biodiversity Month – the perfect time to celebrate the astonishing variety of life on Norfolk Island’s reef. From new fish sightings to coral mosaics, every observation is a reminder of how much there is still to learn and protect.

Read more about why biodiversity matters, globally and right here in our lagoon.

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The fate of a coral colony when it succumbs to white syndrome – four years on
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The fate of a coral colony when it succumbs to white syndrome – four years on
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I’ve tracked one plating Acropora coral from 2021 to 2025. In just a few weeks, white syndrome wiped it out. Nearly four years years on, it’s still smothered in algae and sea squirts, with only the tiniest hint of new growth. It’s a stark reminder: without tackling the root cause, we’re just watching the same sad story repeat itself.

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The Candy-Striped Cleaner Keeping the Reef Healthy
Aug 17, 2025
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Candy-cane stripes, long white feelers, and a reef spa on offer – the banded coral shrimp waves its antennae to advertise cleaning services to passing fish.

Aug 17, 2025
Biomimicry: How a Boxfish Caught Mercedes Benz’s Eye
Aug 10, 2025
Biomimicry: How a Boxfish Caught Mercedes Benz’s Eye
Aug 10, 2025

Meet Mr Lemonhead – our lagoon’s teeny yellow boxfish with a big design legacy. He inspired a Mercedes Benz concept car, proving how nature is full of surprises. And he shares the lagoon with other critters whose tricks have also shaped real-world inventions.

Aug 10, 2025
Patchwork Corals: How Colonies Fuse to Form Living Mosaics
Aug 3, 2025
Patchwork Corals: How Colonies Fuse to Form Living Mosaics
Aug 3, 2025

Some corals wear more than one colour for a reason. When Paragoniastrea australensis colonies fuse early in life, they form living mosaics. A beautiful reminder of coral cooperation on Norfolk Island’s reef.

Aug 3, 2025
Reef relief
Jul 28, 2025
Reef relief
Jul 28, 2025

Today, 28 July, is World Nature Conservation Day. After the dry 2024, Norfolk Island’s reef is looking healthier – a brief reprieve as less water - laden with nutrients - flowed into the lagoon. These photos show what’s possible. It’s a reminder that recovery is within reach – though renewed runoff could quickly undo the gains.

Jul 28, 2025
Emily Bay's big 'brain' coral
Jul 20, 2025
Emily Bay's big 'brain' coral
Jul 20, 2025

In Emily Bay, Norfolk Island, a single coral bommie – Paragoniastrea australensis – has stood for decades as a micro-reef, harbouring diverse marine life and local memories. Once photographed in 1988 and still thriving today, it remains a keystone of reef biodiversity and a living link between past and present.

Jul 20, 2025
Biodiversity matters
Jul 14, 2025
Biodiversity matters
Jul 14, 2025

Over five and a half years of snorkelling Norfolk’s lagoon, we’ve documented 23 fish species not previously recorded in this area. Some are local ghosts, others climate migrants. These observations help us understand and protect what makes our reef so special.

Jul 14, 2025
Poop power
Jun 17, 2025
Poop power
Jun 17, 2025

Not all poop on a reef is bad poop. In fact some kinds of poop can be a reef’s most important invisible engine. Fish poop, bird poop – even poop that gets eaten again by other fish – all of it keeps the ecosystem ticking over in a way that’s nothing short of extraordinary.

Jun 17, 2025
Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
Jun 13, 2025
Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
Jun 13, 2025

Day 6 of this photo series from Norfolk Island coincides with the final day of the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. After a week of documenting decline, today’s post offers a different view – what reef recovery can look like when conditions improve. Drought in 2024 gave the reef a break, and the results were unmistakable: healthier corals, lower disease, and more fish. This is what’s possible if we act.

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