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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

A peacock damselfish – Pomacentrus pavo

The curious case of the peacock damselfish

March 7, 2023

Day 7 – March focus on Norfolk Island’s reef

Juvenile peacock damselfish, Pomacentrus pavo, February 2021

Today in my March focus on the coral reef of Norfolk Island I am featuring a fish called the peacock damselfish – Pomacentrus pavo. They are a delicate little fish, a gorgeous neon blue with a pale lemon-tipped tail, which only grow to 8.5 or 9 cm. It can be distinguished from similar fish (such as the neon damsel) by the tiny dark ‘ear’ spot near its gill cover.

I’m rather curious about this guy’s life cycle. Our inshore reef – from Emily Bay to Slaughter Bay – is small, so it’s relatively easy to get to know what is in there. Often you can count the fish of a particular species on one hand, and the peacock damselfish is a perfect example of this.

Because I have been only looking at three individuals, it is interesting to notice how their colours change throughout the year (see the images below). Or maybe it is a trick of the light. Certainly, they seem to lighten up from October through to February.

For ages we had just one that I would see regularly hugging a large bommie in Emily, often on the shady side. I never saw any others of his kind, until one day I saw five babies near a small inshore rock, quite some distance from the original bommie. So clearly there must have been a few others around. That was in February 2021. These babies seemed to disperse across the Emily Bay and channel area that runs between the two bays. At first, I could find four of them, then one disappeared and we were left with just three. For the next 18 months or so I would stop by and observe these three individuals, all living quite distant from each other in a solo existence on their respective coral bommies.

I usually find them midway up the side of a reef wall, although when the coral spawns they get a little more daring and will swim happily around just above the reef, presumably snacking on the coral spawn like the other damsel species.

The curious thing is, that almost overnight at the very end of December, all three of these fish disappeared. Did a message get passed across the water column for them to meet up for breeding? And if so, how? Will they come back? Will there be more babies? I always seem to have so many questions and so few answers!

This year, juvenile fish for any of the species in our bays have been hard to find and I have no idea why. Maybe they are later this year? Maybe the influx of freshwater has driven them out beyond the confines of the lagoons. Our last baby peacock damselfishes appeared in mid-February (2021), so I confess that I had expected to see some by now. I’ll keep looking!

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In Fish species Tags Peacock damselfish, Fish behaviour, Fish, fish species
← You don’t always know what you’ve got – ’til it’s goneDraining the swamp →
Featured
Poop power
Jun 17, 2025
Poop power
Jun 17, 2025

Not all poop on a reef is bad poop. In fact some kinds of poop can be a reef’s most important invisible engine. Fish poop, bird poop – even poop that gets eaten again by other fish – all of it keeps the ecosystem ticking over in a way that’s nothing short of extraordinary.

Jun 17, 2025
Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
Jun 13, 2025
Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
Jun 13, 2025

Day 6 of this photo series from Norfolk Island coincides with the final day of the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. After a week of documenting decline, today’s post offers a different view – what reef recovery can look like when conditions improve. Drought in 2024 gave the reef a break, and the results were unmistakable: healthier corals, lower disease, and more fish. This is what’s possible if we act.

Jun 13, 2025
Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies
Jun 12, 2025
Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies
Jun 12, 2025

Day 5 of my blog series for the UN Ocean Conference: two long-lived coral colonies in Norfolk’s lagoon died quietly from disease. No drama – just slow collapse and overgrowth by algae. A reminder that not all reef losses are loud, but they are happening.

Jun 12, 2025
Warning signs:  what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us
Jun 11, 2025
Warning signs: what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us
Jun 11, 2025

Day 4 of a week-long photo series from Norfolk Island, shared during the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. Today’s post spotlights a Hydnophora pilosa colony where white syndrome appeared suddenly and spread quickly, taking out around a quarter of the coral. In the months that followed, algae quietly filled the gap – a subtle but telling shift from coral to algae that’s happening across the reef.

Jun 11, 2025
Warning signs: coral disease takes hold
Jun 10, 2025
Warning signs: coral disease takes hold
Jun 10, 2025

In Day 3 of this blog post series, published while leaders gather at the UN Ocean Conference in Nice, we see Norfolk Island’s coral reef lagoon quietly delivering a stark warning: recurrent land-based pollution, coral disease, and delayed decisions are dismantling this ecosystem in real time.

Jun 10, 2025
Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef
Jun 9, 2025
Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef
Jun 9, 2025

Day 2’s post coinciding with the UN Ocean Conference looks at coral growth anomalies – sometimes called coral ‘cancers’. These slow-moving diseases quietly weaken coral colonies, making them far more vulnerable to storm damage and algal takeover. On Norfolk Island’s reef, I’ve watched this exact process play out over several years. This is how chronic stress silently dismantles coral ecosystems.

Jun 9, 2025
Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef
Jun 8, 2025
Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef
Jun 8, 2025

Today is World Ocean Day — a timely moment to launch my week-long blog series on Norfolk Island’s reef. Each day this week, I’ll be sharing photo essays that document the slow but steady pressures reshaping this fragile reef. Today: how shifting baselines make us blind to what we’ve already lost.

Jun 8, 2025
The Governance–Government Vacuum: Norfolk Island’s Forgotten Ecology
Apr 29, 2025
The Governance–Government Vacuum: Norfolk Island’s Forgotten Ecology
Apr 29, 2025

A personal reflection on Norfolk Island’s coral reef environment, political denial, and what John Wyndham’s The Kraken Wakes can still teach us about slow-moving disasters — and why this election matters more than ever.

Apr 29, 2025
Cute as buttons – Astrea curta
Feb 20, 2025
Cute as buttons – Astrea curta
Feb 20, 2025

Astrea curta corals are ‘small, moderately plocoid [flattened], distinct, and almost circular’ . Normally grey-green in colour, you can see from the images here, ours are often beautiful rich gold, although they do vary. They have a neat growth habit and button-like corallites, which can grow in columns, spherically or flattened. Large colonies of these can form gorgeous undulating bumps.

Feb 20, 2025
From 'Watch' to 'Warning'
Jan 26, 2025
From 'Watch' to 'Warning'
Jan 26, 2025

Last week, the chance of coral bleaching in Norfolk Island’s inshore lagoons was raised from ‘Watch’ to ‘Warning’ and will more than likely rise to Alert levels one and two in coming weeks. So why do I worry about water quality all the time when bleaching seems inevitable these days and so the reef is probably doomed anyway? Read on to find out.

Jan 26, 2025

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