Butterfly, flutterbyfish — Norfolk Island's Reef

Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

DAY 17 – MARCH FOCUS ON NORFOLK ISLAND’S REEF

We shouldn’t have favourites, but if I am asked the raccoon butterflyfish would have to be mine

Butterflyfish are flighty, brightly coloured and beautifully conspicuous on our coral reef in their bright yellows and oranges, white and black livery. On Norfolk Island we regularly see fourteen species, just a small portion of the more than 100 species, globally.

They are generally quite territorial. Some species will often form a pair bond, which can last for life, and will lay claim to a patch of coral reef as their territory. Having said that, I have noticed others, such as the chevron, citron, and dot-and-dash butterflyfish, are often solitary.

At certain times of the year, usually when the corals are spawning, they will come together to form small schools. It was at coral spawning time that I took the photograph of the threadfin butterflyfish school, top.

Some species feed on corals and only corals, while others will consume plankton as well, but of all the fish that live on coral reefs, and there are thousands, only around 40 species like to crunch on hard coral and more than half of those are butterflyfish. Large numbers of butterflyfish are a good sign of a healthy reef.

The most common species on Norfolk Island’s reef is the threadfin butterflyfish and the least common are the dot-and-dash and the citron butterflyfishes.

Whatever the species, though, I get a real thrill when I get a nice clear photo of these delightful little fish.

Below are photos of our butterflyfish species found here on Norfolk Island. You can find many more images of butterflyfish at different stages of their lifecycle on the fishes page of this website. Scroll down to B for butterflyfish.

Black butterflyfish - Chaetodon flavirostris

Blackback butterflyfish - Chaetodon melannotus

Bluespot butterflyfish - Chaetodon plebeius

Chevron butterflyfish - Chaetodon trifascialis

Citron butterflyfish - Chaetodon citrinellus

Dot-and-dash Butterflyfish - Chaetodon pelewensis

Doublesaddle butterflyfish - Chaetodon ulietensis

Lined butterflyfish - Chaetodon lineolatus

Masked bannerfish - Heniochus monoceros

Oval-spot butterflyfish - Chaetodon speculum

Pinstriped butterflyfish - Chaetodon lunulatus

Raccoon butterflyfish - Chaetodon lunula

Threadfin butterflyfish - Chaetodon auriga

Three-striped butterflyfish - Chaetodon tricinctus

Vagabond butterflyfish - Chaetodon vagabundus

Jun 13, 2025

Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it

Day 6 of this photo series from Norfolk Island coincides with the final day of the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. After a week of documenting decline, today’s post offers a different view – what reef recovery can look like when conditions improve. Drought in 2024 gave the reef a break, and the results were unmistakable: healthier corals, lower disease, and more fish. This is what’s possible if we act.

Jun 12, 2025

Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies

Day 5 of my blog series for the UN Ocean Conference: two long-lived coral colonies in Norfolk’s lagoon died quietly from disease. No drama – just slow collapse and overgrowth by algae. A reminder that not all reef losses are loud, but they are happening.

Jun 11, 2025

Warning signs: what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us

Day 4 of a week-long photo series from Norfolk Island, shared during the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. Today’s post spotlights a Hydnophora pilosa colony where white syndrome appeared suddenly and spread quickly, taking out around a quarter of the coral. In the months that followed, algae quietly filled the gap – a subtle but telling shift from coral to algae that’s happening across the reef.

Jun 10, 2025

Warning signs: coral disease takes hold

In Day 3 of this blog post series, published while leaders gather at the UN Ocean Conference in Nice, we see Norfolk Island’s coral reef lagoon quietly delivering a stark warning: recurrent land-based pollution, coral disease, and delayed decisions are dismantling this ecosystem in real time.

Jun 9, 2025

Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef

Day 2’s post coinciding with the UN Ocean Conference looks at coral growth anomalies – sometimes called coral ‘cancers’. These slow-moving diseases quietly weaken coral colonies, making them far more vulnerable to storm damage and algal takeover. On Norfolk Island’s reef, I’ve watched this exact process play out over several years. This is how chronic stress silently dismantles coral ecosystems.

Jun 8, 2025

Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef

Today is World Ocean Day — a timely moment to launch my week-long blog series on Norfolk Island’s reef. Each day this week, I’ll be sharing photo essays that document the slow but steady pressures reshaping this fragile reef. Today: how shifting baselines make us blind to what we’ve already lost.

Apr 29, 2025

The Governance–Government Vacuum: Norfolk Island’s Forgotten Ecology

A personal reflection on Norfolk Island’s coral reef environment, political denial, and what John Wyndham’s The Kraken Wakes can still teach us about slow-moving disasters — and why this election matters more than ever.

Feb 20, 2025

Cute as buttons – Astrea curta

Astrea curta corals are ‘small, moderately plocoid [flattened], distinct, and almost circular’ . Normally grey-green in colour, you can see from the images here, ours are often beautiful rich gold, although they do vary. They have a neat growth habit and button-like corallites, which can grow in columns, spherically or flattened. Large colonies of these can form gorgeous undulating bumps.

Jan 26, 2025

From 'Watch' to 'Warning'

Last week, the chance of coral bleaching in Norfolk Island’s inshore lagoons was raised from ‘Watch’ to ‘Warning’ and will more than likely rise to Alert levels one and two in coming weeks. So why do I worry about water quality all the time when bleaching seems inevitable these days and so the reef is probably doomed anyway? Read on to find out.

Jan 4, 2025

From little things – watching them grow

Small numbers of different fish species is not an unusual phenomenon on Norfolk Island’s reef, but it does demonstrate what a tiny, precious, coral reef ecosystem we have, when we can count individuals on one hand and watch each of them grow, like these little blackeye thicklips, a member of the wrasse family.