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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

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Spotted porcupinefish, Diodon hystrix

A case of mistaken identity?

July 6, 2021

There have been biting cold winds blowing directly from the east for most of the last week, moving around to the north in the last couple of days, and quite a bit of rain. This has made it rather brisk getting out of the water, but when in, the conditions have been sublime, particularly in the shelter of Emily Bay. Fantastic glass-like viz has made exploring the sandy shallows a lot of fun.

On the Lone Pine side of the bay, since at least 17 June (when I first spotted it), a solo convict surgeonfish, Acanthurus triostegus, has been hanging with the group of blackspot sergeant, Abudefduf sordidus that inhabit the area. I do sometimes wonder what attracts a fish on its own like this to join up with a school of fishes that look slightly similar in shape, colour and markings. Safety? Mistaken identity? Who knows?

View fullsize Convict surgeonfish - Acanthurus triostegus
Convict surgeonfish - Acanthurus triostegus
View fullsize With blackspot sergeants - Abudefduf sordidus
With blackspot sergeants - Abudefduf sordidus
View fullsize Spotted porcupinefish - Diodon hystrix
Spotted porcupinefish - Diodon hystrix
View fullsize Spotted porcupinefish - Diodon hystrix
Spotted porcupinefish - Diodon hystrix

A small spotted porcupinefish, Diodon hystrix has been hovering out in the open in the same spot on the Salt House side of the bay since at least 28 June. These fish are generally nocturnal and solitary, and, although I have heard that they will be inquisitive and follow divers around like puppy dogs, here on Norfolk Island I find they are generally shy and tend to retreat when you get too near. When you do see them, they are often under rock ledges or in caves. Again, I’m not sure what is going on that this one should be so exposed and not mind remaining there while I photographed it. These fish are broadcast spawners, ‘meaning both sexes mate with many different partners during spawning events’.

I have one old scarred porcupinefish that I visit regularly in his cave. More often than not he comes to the front of his cave and peers out at me. I give him a thumbs up and head on my way.

Emily Bay has a wonderful raft, used by generations of adults, teens and children. It is synonymous with summer and fun. Each year it gets hauled from the water, cleaned, repaired and popped back, usually over the wintertime. Last year, the raft was in a very poor state of repair and, consequently, the Norfolk Island Regional Council’s maintenance workers rebuilt it from scratch.

Emily Bay’s iconic raft

This new version is a different design to the one we had before; now it sports flotation tanks beneath it. I understand these may have been put there to prevent children swimming under the raft and surfacing in the air pocket created by the rafters, but I am not entirely certain. Whatever, I am sure it seemed like a good idea.

Over the years, the raft has provided shelter beneath its timbers for a thriving fish nursery. Beneath the raft was an amazing sight, teeming with fry. I have photos of it before the rebuild and since. I wanted to give it a full year before I made any comment on the new design, but I can say now, for whatever reason, the fish simply have not used the raft that much since it was rebuilt. A couple of times I’ve seen small schools (as in tens of bubbas rather than hundreds), but within a day or two these have disappeared, hunted by the trevally and other fish. I witnessed trevally sweeping in a pack under the raft as they hunted for food. (Below is a video of how they operate, although this was not filmed at the raft.) The small fry were gone in no time. With the previous design they were able to quickly retreat up between the rafters, out of the way of the fast-moving trevally. Now, sadly, there is nowhere for them to go.

I should also add here, I am not criticising the new design or the thought behind the improvements. I am sure it was done with the best of intentions, but the consequence is that we have had very few babies growing up under the new raft. Something to consider.

View fullsize 22 April 2020
22 April 2020
View fullsize 22 April 2020
22 April 2020
View fullsize 3 May 2020
3 May 2020
View fullsize 16 April 2021
16 April 2021
View fullsize 5 May 2021
5 May 2021
View fullsize 16 May 2021
16 May 2021

Trevally, Pseudocaranx sp 'dentex', on the hunt for newly hatched fry, Emily Bay, Norfolk Island

← Winter in Norfolk Island's lagoonsMid-winter fabulousness →
Featured
The slow disappearance – disease on the reef
October 30, 2026
The slow disappearance – disease on the reef
October 30, 2026

What happens after coral disease has run its course? In the fourth article of my six-part photographic series, I revisit colonies I've watched lose living tissue, sometimes alarmingly quickly. From a potentially century-old brain coral that lost most of its living tissue in less than 100 days to the algae-covered skeletons left years later, these photographs reveal the longer-term consequences of coral disease on Norfolk Island's reef.

Read more →
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When storms rearrange the reef
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Sometimes the sea rearranges a reef in a matter of hours! In the third article of my six-part photographic series, I revisit corals broken, overturned or swept away by powerful swells and storm surges. Some disappeared altogether, while others found surprising ways to survive. Five photographic sequences reveal just how dramatically Norfolk Island's reef can change.

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October 28, 2026
When the reef fights back – coral growth and recovery
October 26, 2026
When the reef fights back – coral growth and recovery
October 26, 2026

Not every coral story ends badly! Among six years of underwater photographs are some wonderful examples of growth, survival and recovery. From corals that have grown spectacularly to others that have survived bleaching, breakage or even being turned upside down, this second article in my photographic series celebrates some of the reef's more encouraging stories.

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The neighbours – six years of watching the same reef
October 24, 2026
The neighbours – six years of watching the same reef
October 24, 2026

When I began photographing Norfolk Island's reef in 2020, I simply recorded whatever caught my eye. Six years later, those photographs have become a record of individual corals and their changing fortunes – growth, competition, survival and loss. This is the first of six articles looking back at what I've seen, and sometimes what I wish I hadn't.

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October 24, 2026
Pulling the rugosity from out of the reef
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Pulling the rugosity from out of the reef
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What do ‘rugosity’, structural complexity and channeling your inner fish have in common? Quite a lot, as it turns out. This week I’m looking at how all the lumps, bumps, branches, holes and ledges on a reef create habitat – with a brief detour into one of my long-standing tricks for navigating tertiary study: write down the jargon until it starts to make sense.

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October 10, 2026
How does a sea slug smell?
September 27, 2026
How does a sea slug smell?
September 27, 2026

It started with a close-up of a little Elysia and two rhinophores that looked like tiny rolled-up scrolls. Once I noticed them, I started going back through years of sea-slug photos and realised just how wildly different these sensory organs can be – ridged, rolled, curled, tubular and, in sea hares, distinctly rabbit-eared. So this week’s rabbit hole is all about how sea slugs ‘smell’ underwater, and why their noses come in so many different shapes.

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September 27, 2026
The Elite Fleet sails in
September 19, 2026
The Elite Fleet sails in
September 19, 2026

Nearly six years ago, my very first blog post was about the strange blue and violet creatures that live at the ocean’s surface – a group I christened Norfolk Island’s ‘Elite Fleet’. Since then I’ve seen plenty of bluebottles and the occasional violet sea snail, but never a by-the-wind sailor. Until this morning. Velella velella is not a true jellyfish, but a colonial hydrozoan with a transparent sail that lets the wind help carry it across the ocean. So what exactly is this extraordinary little creature, how does it ‘sail’, and what connects it to the rest of the fleet?

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September 19, 2026
In a nutshell – where I stand on the proposed Norfolk Island Marine Park
September 18, 2026
In a nutshell – where I stand on the proposed Norfolk Island Marine Park
September 18, 2026

I support the proposed expansion of Norfolk Marine Park and its renaming as Norfolk Island Marine Park. There is much to welcome – strong offshore protection, no mining, and recognition of the importance of sustainable local fishing. But I also have some reservations. Why does Cascade need to be removed from the Marine Park at all? How will more than 430,000 km² actually be monitored and enforced? How do we make sure Norfolk people have a genuine role in management? And, above all, how do we ensure that the enormous new park does not draw attention away from the small, stressed reef immediately beside us?

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No seagrass, but plenty of turtles
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No seagrass, but plenty of turtles
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Norfolk Island does not have seagrass, although one of our most conspicuous green algae is often mistaken for it. Feather and grape Caulerpa can both form striking patches across the lagoon. I take a closer look at what Caulerpa actually is, why it is so easily confused with seagrass, and where our green turtles fit into the story.

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Watching El Niño from Norfolk Island
September 6, 2026
Watching El Niño from Norfolk Island
September 6, 2026

El Niño is strengthening across the Pacific, but that does not tell us exactly what the coming months will bring to Norfolk Island. After a long wet spell, I am watching our rainfall and water supplies more closely again – and, underwater, keeping an eye on sea temperature, algae, coral recruits and the fish that turn up on the reef.

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September 6, 2026

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