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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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    • Kingston, Norfolk Island
    • Underwater
    • Reef Fish
    • Sharks
    • Eels
    • Corals
    • Sea Anemones
    • Nudibranchs, Sea Slugs and Flatworms
    • Octopuses
    • Sea Urchins and Sea Cucumbers
    • Sea Stars
    • Turtles
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    • Out On A Swim Index
  • Out on a swim - blog
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

Parrotfish swim using their pectoral fins

Parrotfish swim using their pectoral fins

The sand poopers

April 21, 2021

Parrotfish eat algae and coral polyps, and to get at these they chow down on the hard coral skeletons. More teeth in their throat (plates known as a pharyngeal mill) grind the coral into a paste so they can extract the nutritious coral polyps and algae. What comes out the other end is beautiful white sand. A lot of it!

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The ‘hit and run’ fish

April 10, 2021

What a cool name for a fish, the piano fangblenny! It is more properly known as Plagiotremus tapeinosoma. Many snorkellers will know them first by their little nip as they hit and run! Once you’ve seen them and experienced them that first time, you know to shoo them away to avoid another nibble!

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Charisma plus! The bluespine unicornfish

April 6, 2021

One of the many characterful fish in the Emily and Slaughter Bay environs on Norfolk Island are the bluespine unicornfish, more properly known as Naso unicornis. These guys love to pose for the camera, showing off their best side, and then shifting so you can get a shot of the other.

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Tags Norfolk Island, Bluespine unicornfish, Naso unicornis, coral reef, reef fish
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The doubleheader's double life!

February 28, 2021

Love these doubleheader wrasse, Coris bulbifrons. Beautiful deep smoky blue with a big bulge on their forehead, they will quite often just casually cruise on past. Like many wrasse, they change sex, colour and appearance quite radically as they age and grow.

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When the yelloweye leatherjackets go courting

February 10, 2021

How special to see this. Normally shy and a little timid, these little leatherjackets were quite happy concentrating on each other as I watched them courting.

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A little mado with attitude!

February 10, 2021

This little eastern footballer or mado has suddenly started hanging with a family of stripeys that I've been watching. But it always keeps slightly apart, aloof, even. In fact, sometimes it almost seems like it is herding them - and giving lectures! This guy definitely has attitude!

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Marbled parrotfish - Leptoscarus vaigiensis

Marbled parrotfish - Leptoscarus vaigiensis

Once a boy, always a boy – the marbled parrotfish

February 4, 2021

The marbled parrotfish (Leptoscarus vaigiensis) likes to camouflage itself, disappearing into the seagrass and algae on which it feeds.

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The sea-wolves of Emily Bay

January 21, 2021

Attracted by the easy pickings, I then watched as the silver trevally – Pseudocaranx sp 'dentex' – arrived. Like a sleek pack of wolves they swept around, in and out of the drum scooping up whatever they could. The fry shrank back, huddling together, trying to stay out of the maelstrom and away from so many hungry mouths.

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Underwater wars! Aatuti versus the elegant wrasse

January 20, 2021

The banded scalyfin damselfish are keen underwater gardeners who don't take kindly to their carefully tended and guarded patches being raided by schools of elegant wrasse.

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Photographed in Cemetery Bay

Photographed in Cemetery Bay

Goniopora norfolkensis – an uncommon coral

December 30, 2020

A reasonably common coral here is this beautiful brown, but sometimes creamy or caramel coloured fronded species called Goniopora norfolkensis..

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Tags coral reef, corals, Goniopora norfolkensis, Norfolk Island
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Halfmoon grouper - Epinephelus rivulatus

Halfmoon grouper - Epinephelus rivulatus

Close encounter with a halfmoon grouper

December 18, 2020

A close encounter with a halfmoon grouper causes an amazing transformation from mottled red to mustard yellow.

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Tags Halfmoon grouper, Emily Bay, Norfolk Island, Epinephelus rivulatus, coral reef
Norfolk Island blenny, Parablennius serratolineatus

Norfolk Island blenny, Parablennius serratolineatus

Cute as a button, the Norfolk Island blenny

December 13, 2020

The Norfolk Island blenny is a teeny little shy guy, who hangs out quite a bit at one end of Slaughter Bay and also in Cemetery. Extremely localised, they are endemic to Norfolk Island.

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Tags SlaughterBay, Norfolk Island, NorfolkIsland blenny, endemic
Juvenile Norfolk cardinalfish, Ostorhinchus norfolcensis, under the raft, Emily Bay

Juvenile Norfolk cardinalfish, Ostorhinchus norfolcensis, under the raft, Emily Bay

Mouth-brooding Norfolk cardinalfish

December 4, 2020

Norfolk cardinalfish are called big eyes on Norfolk Island, and it is easy to see why! These guys are mouth brooders, as in the male nurtures the eggs in his mouth.

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Tags Norfolk cardinalfish, Mouth-brooder, Norfolk Island, Ostorhinchus norfolcensisas, Emily Bay
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The elite fleet

December 3, 2020

Like fragile jewels floating on the ocean currents, the common violet snail feeds on a fellow compatriots in the pleustal zone just beneath the ocean’s surface, the bluebottle. We should be grateful, because they are doing us a service by chomping on those stingers!

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Tags sea snails, molluscs, Emily Bay, Norfolk Island
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Featured
Poop power
Jun 17, 2025
Poop power
Jun 17, 2025

Not all poop on a reef is bad poop. In fact some kinds of poop can be a reef’s most important invisible engine. Fish poop, bird poop – even poop that gets eaten again by other fish – all of it keeps the ecosystem ticking over in a way that’s nothing short of extraordinary.

Jun 17, 2025
Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
Jun 13, 2025
Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
Jun 13, 2025

Day 6 of this photo series from Norfolk Island coincides with the final day of the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. After a week of documenting decline, today’s post offers a different view – what reef recovery can look like when conditions improve. Drought in 2024 gave the reef a break, and the results were unmistakable: healthier corals, lower disease, and more fish. This is what’s possible if we act.

Jun 13, 2025
Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies
Jun 12, 2025
Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies
Jun 12, 2025

Day 5 of my blog series for the UN Ocean Conference: two long-lived coral colonies in Norfolk’s lagoon died quietly from disease. No drama – just slow collapse and overgrowth by algae. A reminder that not all reef losses are loud, but they are happening.

Jun 12, 2025
Warning signs:  what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us
Jun 11, 2025
Warning signs: what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us
Jun 11, 2025

Day 4 of a week-long photo series from Norfolk Island, shared during the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. Today’s post spotlights a Hydnophora pilosa colony where white syndrome appeared suddenly and spread quickly, taking out around a quarter of the coral. In the months that followed, algae quietly filled the gap – a subtle but telling shift from coral to algae that’s happening across the reef.

Jun 11, 2025
Warning signs: coral disease takes hold
Jun 10, 2025
Warning signs: coral disease takes hold
Jun 10, 2025

In Day 3 of this blog post series, published while leaders gather at the UN Ocean Conference in Nice, we see Norfolk Island’s coral reef lagoon quietly delivering a stark warning: recurrent land-based pollution, coral disease, and delayed decisions are dismantling this ecosystem in real time.

Jun 10, 2025
Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef
Jun 9, 2025
Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef
Jun 9, 2025

Day 2’s post coinciding with the UN Ocean Conference looks at coral growth anomalies – sometimes called coral ‘cancers’. These slow-moving diseases quietly weaken coral colonies, making them far more vulnerable to storm damage and algal takeover. On Norfolk Island’s reef, I’ve watched this exact process play out over several years. This is how chronic stress silently dismantles coral ecosystems.

Jun 9, 2025
Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef
Jun 8, 2025
Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef
Jun 8, 2025

Today is World Ocean Day — a timely moment to launch my week-long blog series on Norfolk Island’s reef. Each day this week, I’ll be sharing photo essays that document the slow but steady pressures reshaping this fragile reef. Today: how shifting baselines make us blind to what we’ve already lost.

Jun 8, 2025
The Governance–Government Vacuum: Norfolk Island’s Forgotten Ecology
Apr 29, 2025
The Governance–Government Vacuum: Norfolk Island’s Forgotten Ecology
Apr 29, 2025

A personal reflection on Norfolk Island’s coral reef environment, political denial, and what John Wyndham’s The Kraken Wakes can still teach us about slow-moving disasters — and why this election matters more than ever.

Apr 29, 2025
Cute as buttons – Astrea curta
Feb 20, 2025
Cute as buttons – Astrea curta
Feb 20, 2025

Astrea curta corals are ‘small, moderately plocoid [flattened], distinct, and almost circular’ . Normally grey-green in colour, you can see from the images here, ours are often beautiful rich gold, although they do vary. They have a neat growth habit and button-like corallites, which can grow in columns, spherically or flattened. Large colonies of these can form gorgeous undulating bumps.

Feb 20, 2025
From 'Watch' to 'Warning'
Jan 26, 2025
From 'Watch' to 'Warning'
Jan 26, 2025

Last week, the chance of coral bleaching in Norfolk Island’s inshore lagoons was raised from ‘Watch’ to ‘Warning’ and will more than likely rise to Alert levels one and two in coming weeks. So why do I worry about water quality all the time when bleaching seems inevitable these days and so the reef is probably doomed anyway? Read on to find out.

Jan 26, 2025

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