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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

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Bluespine unicornfish, Naso unicornis. Note the two scalpels at the base of its tail. These fish have been found to live to at least 50 years old. Norfolk Island

How surgeonfishes got their name

June 14, 2026

Surgeonfish are named for the sharp little scalpels near their tails, but on Norfolk’s reef their more useful work happens at the other end. Pencil surgeonfish, bluespine unicornfish and their relatives help browse algae across the reef – a small daily job that becomes very valuable on an algae-rich lagoon reef like ours.

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In Fish, Fish species Tags surgeonfish, Bluespine unicornfish, convict surgeonfish, pencil surgeonfish, Fish, Norfolk Island, reef fish
1 Comment
Emily Bay in the spring sunshine. The seas outside the lagoons were wild this week.

Emily Bay in the spring sunshine. The seas outside the lagoons were wild this week.

Jockeying for space on the reef

September 14, 2021

I won’t lie, it has been a wipe-out in the bays this week with huge swells and poor visibility. I more than made up for it this morning. Everyone was out and about enjoying the spring sunshine. Apart from the turtle. She was asleep! Read here to find out who else was enjoying the sunshine.

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Tags corals, coral reef, Bluespine unicornfish, Green sea turtle, butterflyfish, bluespotted cornetfish
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Snubnose dart

Winter snorkelling on our reef

August 17, 2021

I can guarantee that each time I head out into Norfolk Island’s lagoons I will see something new or interesting. This week was no different. Here is a quick wrap up of some of my more noteworthy observations this week while out on a swim.

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Tags snubnosed dart, Bluespine unicornfish, blacktip morwong, Atagema spongiosa, Green sea turtle, Southern Eagle Ray
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6 Apr 2021 (115)_reducedv1.jpg

Charisma plus! The bluespine unicornfish

April 6, 2021

One of the many characterful fish in the Emily and Slaughter Bay environs on Norfolk Island are the bluespine unicornfish, more properly known as Naso unicornis. These guys love to pose for the camera, showing off their best side, and then shifting so you can get a shot of the other.

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Tags Norfolk Island, Bluespine unicornfish, Naso unicornis, coral reef, reef fish
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Norfolk’s water quality – when action is reported as outcome
June 15, 2026
Norfolk’s water quality – when action is reported as outcome
June 15, 2026

A recent Australian Government media release presents investment, monitoring and catchment works as progress on Norfolk Island’s water quality. Some of that work is useful, and some of it was badly needed. But activity is not the same as proven improvement. This post looks at Kingston sewerage, wetlands, cattle, acid sulfate soils, groundwater and reef health, and asks whether Emily Bay and Slaughter Bay are actually being better protected.

June 15, 2026
How surgeonfishes got their name
June 14, 2026
How surgeonfishes got their name
June 14, 2026

Surgeonfish are named for the sharp little scalpels near their tails, but on Norfolk’s reef their more useful work happens at the other end. Pencil surgeonfish, bluespine unicornfish and their relatives help browse algae across the reef – a small daily job that becomes very valuable on an algae-rich lagoon reef like ours.

June 14, 2026
A shrimp storm
May 28, 2026
A shrimp storm
May 28, 2026

While setting my research cams last week, I swam into what looked like an underwater snowstorm. It appeared to be the aftermath of a mass moulting event, with large numbers of tiny, translucent shrimp-like exoskeletons drifting together near the surface.

May 28, 2026
Kingston dredging: what happens when a reef does not fit the framework
May 28, 2026
Kingston dredging: what happens when a reef does not fit the framework
May 28, 2026

This correspondence with DCCEEW is about more than one dredging proposal. It is about what happens when an ecologically distinctive place is assessed through standard tools that do not always make its most important values easy to see. I am publishing it here because that is something we need to be aware of, both on Norfolk Island and more broadly in Australia.

May 28, 2026
Kingston dredging: the project advances, the questions remain
May 24, 2026
Kingston dredging: the project advances, the questions remain
May 24, 2026

Kingston dredging is edging closer, and the paper trail is growing. This post brings together earlier correspondence with the Department and the latest media release so readers can see what has been asked, what has been answered, and what still remains unclear about the project, its rationale, and the protections proposed for the reef.

May 24, 2026
The lime-green coral in Slaughter Bay – a 40-year paper trail
May 17, 2026
The lime-green coral in Slaughter Bay – a 40-year paper trail
May 17, 2026

Green Mountain – the name I give this coral in my database – is a coral I’ve photographed for years as I swim past. Then I found its backstory in the Norfolk Island National Parks archives: a rough map, reused paper, a note in the margin – ‘still thriving’. That’s how baselines begin.

May 17, 2026
What Norfolk Island’s reef tells us about environmental blind spots
April 5, 2026
What Norfolk Island’s reef tells us about environmental blind spots
April 5, 2026

The Kingston dredging proposal on Norfolk Island raises a bigger question than dredging alone: how well do standard environmental assessment tools capture the real significance of a remote and unusual reef system like Norfolk Island’s?

April 5, 2026
Hammer coral time!
March 30, 2026
Hammer coral time!
March 30, 2026

Hammer corals have unique tentacles that are large, fleshy, and tubular; these terminate in a ‘T’-shaped, hammer-head or anchor. Beneath all these softly waving tentacles is an extraordinary skeleton structure, which helps define them as a large polyp stony coral.

March 30, 2026
Norfolk Island’s fishes: drifters, residents and the ones still missing
March 24, 2026
Norfolk Island’s fishes: drifters, residents and the ones still missing
March 24, 2026

Norfolk Island’s fish fauna reflects both connection and isolation. Some species may arrive from elsewhere as drifting larvae, some populations appear to persist locally, and some fishes known from islands on either side of Norfolk have still not been recorded here. This post looks at what old survey work, regional checklists and genetic studies suggest about that more complicated picture.

March 24, 2026
18 Jun 2025 (20)_crop.jpg
March 7, 2026
Alveopora or flowerpot coral – how to tell the difference
March 7, 2026

They look alike at first glance, but Alveopora and flowerpot corals are not the same. The easiest way to tell them apart is to count the tentacles.

March 7, 2026

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