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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

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Is this coral endemic to Norfolk Island?

Enormous surf, squally winds and poor viz!

June 1, 2021

On the 26 May, we witnessed a clear sky and a lunar eclipse. For a few days before this event, we’d had cool blustery winds from the south and southwest. But the day following it became calm and settled, so much so even my weather app decided winds of less than 1 km an hour should be expressed as ‘calm’!

The weather on 27 May 2021

The following day, the weather quickly turned again, and the remainder of this week has seen enormous surf, squally winds and poor visibility in the water. In fact, just about zero viz!

Today is the first day of winter, with cool winds blowing straight up from Antarctica. Many readers will laugh, but for a sub-tropical island, we are really feeling the wind chill at the moment. In a conversation I had with a fellow swimmer this morning, we agreed that if you just keep swimming, you don’t even notice it getting cooler. It really is a case of mind over matter. When it gets a little cold in the water, or rather when I get out, I always remind myself that there are reef fish in there, and they don’t like cold water! Like the beautiful Three-striped butterflyfish, Chaetodon tricinctus, drawn by @narwee_sketch for us this week.

Despite the conditions, I only missed swimming on one day, and I still managed to see a few beautiful things during the week. I always love to capture a photo of the green moon wrasse, Thalassoma lutescens. This one is giving me a quizzical sideways glance! And I was lucky enough to witness an initial phase surge wrasse, Thalassoma purpureum, eating a crab lunch.

Another exciting observation this week was the turtle. It always feels such a privilege to come around a corner and face to face with one of these amazing creatures.

View fullsize Surge wrasse - Thalassoma purpureum
Surge wrasse - Thalassoma purpureum
View fullsize Green moon wrasse - Thalassoma lutescens
Green moon wrasse - Thalassoma lutescens
View fullsize Green sea turtle - Chelonia mydas
Green sea turtle - Chelonia mydas
View fullsize Tonna melanostoma
Tonna melanostoma

Professor Andrew Baird, a researcher from James Cook University contacted me this week about my images of corals on this website (check them out here). So he could have a better look, I uploaded around 350 of them to a Dropbox folder. He has kindly gone through them, giving me IDs on many, and asking for some further images on a few he thinks maybe rare or endemic to Norfolk Island.

This is incredibly exciting. Andrew and a colleague plan to visit in August to have a look for themselves.

And, saving the most exciting news til last, and a little delayed as I have been waiting on confirming an ID: on 10 May I photographed a tun shell in the bay and uploaded the images to iNaturalist. Many regular swimmers will see these from time to time in the deeper areas of our bays, although sightings are definitely becoming rarer. Tuns are a large species of sea snail, or mollusc. This particular tun was quickly identified as being Tonna melanastoma. This truly is an amazing observation. There have been very few specimens identified over the last century, often trawled up from depths of 300 m. Apparently, this is the only photograph of a live mollusc in the public domain.

Since then, I have co-authored a paper with Chris Vos, a Belgian conchologist with some 45 years’ experience in the field. It is going to be published in August in a journal in Europe. I’ll definitely keep you posted on this one!

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Featured
From coral scar to aatuti farm
June 20, 2026
From coral scar to aatuti farm
June 20, 2026

Aatuti are bold little algae farmers, but how does one of their farms begin? Over the past year, I have been following several coral patches as small white scars became algal footholds, then larger defended patches. I still cannot say what caused the first wounds, but the photo sequences show something fascinating: on a reef where algae is already gaining ground, even tiny changes on the coral surface can become part of a much bigger story.

June 20, 2026
Norfolk’s water quality – when action is reported as outcome
June 15, 2026
Norfolk’s water quality – when action is reported as outcome
June 15, 2026

A recent Australian Government media release presents investment, monitoring and catchment works as progress on Norfolk Island’s water quality. Some of that work is useful, and some of it was badly needed. But activity is not the same as proven improvement. This post looks at Kingston sewerage, wetlands, cattle, acid sulfate soils, groundwater and reef health, and asks whether Emily Bay and Slaughter Bay are actually being better protected.

June 15, 2026
How surgeonfishes got their name
June 14, 2026
How surgeonfishes got their name
June 14, 2026

Surgeonfish are named for the sharp little scalpels near their tails, but on Norfolk’s reef their more useful work happens at the other end. Pencil surgeonfish, bluespine unicornfish and their relatives help browse algae across the reef – a small daily job that becomes very valuable on an algae-rich lagoon reef like ours.

June 14, 2026
A shrimp storm
May 28, 2026
A shrimp storm
May 28, 2026

While setting my research cams last week, I swam into what looked like an underwater snowstorm. It appeared to be the aftermath of a mass moulting event, with large numbers of tiny, translucent shrimp-like exoskeletons drifting together near the surface.

May 28, 2026
Kingston dredging: what happens when a reef does not fit the framework
May 28, 2026
Kingston dredging: what happens when a reef does not fit the framework
May 28, 2026

This correspondence with DCCEEW is about more than one dredging proposal. It is about what happens when an ecologically distinctive place is assessed through standard tools that do not always make its most important values easy to see. I am publishing it here because that is something we need to be aware of, both on Norfolk Island and more broadly in Australia.

May 28, 2026
Kingston dredging: the project advances, the questions remain
May 24, 2026
Kingston dredging: the project advances, the questions remain
May 24, 2026

Kingston dredging is edging closer, and the paper trail is growing. This post brings together earlier correspondence with the Department and the latest media release so readers can see what has been asked, what has been answered, and what still remains unclear about the project, its rationale, and the protections proposed for the reef.

May 24, 2026
The lime-green coral in Slaughter Bay – a 40-year paper trail
May 17, 2026
The lime-green coral in Slaughter Bay – a 40-year paper trail
May 17, 2026

Green Mountain – the name I give this coral in my database – is a coral I’ve photographed for years as I swim past. Then I found its backstory in the Norfolk Island National Parks archives: a rough map, reused paper, a note in the margin – ‘still thriving’. That’s how baselines begin.

May 17, 2026
What Norfolk Island’s reef tells us about environmental blind spots
April 5, 2026
What Norfolk Island’s reef tells us about environmental blind spots
April 5, 2026

The Kingston dredging proposal on Norfolk Island raises a bigger question than dredging alone: how well do standard environmental assessment tools capture the real significance of a remote and unusual reef system like Norfolk Island’s?

April 5, 2026
Hammer coral time!
March 30, 2026
Hammer coral time!
March 30, 2026

Hammer corals have unique tentacles that are large, fleshy, and tubular; these terminate in a ‘T’-shaped, hammer-head or anchor. Beneath all these softly waving tentacles is an extraordinary skeleton structure, which helps define them as a large polyp stony coral.

March 30, 2026
Norfolk Island’s fishes: drifters, residents and the ones still missing
March 24, 2026
Norfolk Island’s fishes: drifters, residents and the ones still missing
March 24, 2026

Norfolk Island’s fish fauna reflects both connection and isolation. Some species may arrive from elsewhere as drifting larvae, some populations appear to persist locally, and some fishes known from islands on either side of Norfolk have still not been recorded here. This post looks at what old survey work, regional checklists and genetic studies suggest about that more complicated picture.

March 24, 2026

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