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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

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Acropora coral, Norfolk Island, 14_StairwayReef, 14 November 2021

The journey from coral reef to rubble

December 16, 2023

Acropora coral, Norfolk Island, 14_StairwayReef, 16 December 2023

For two years, I have stopped by and photographed this beautiful Acropora coral formation in Emily Bay on Norfolk Island. In my database for this colony, I called the folder 14_StairwayReef; 14 for the geographic location on a map, followed by my romantic name for it.

In November 2021, it was a healthy colony, but by January 2022, white syndrome had begun to affect it in patches. Because of the angle that I have photographed this coral, I have included examples of the patches as they cropped up in the gallery at the bottom of this post.

The white patches grew, the tissue died and algae then took over those dead patches. New patches of white syndrome would crop up over time, and gradually the colony lost more and more live tissue. The structure weakened until, finally, by 29 November 2023, we had lost some sizeable chunks. A couple of weeks later it was virtually all destroyed, just a memory and so much rubble.

It should be said, this type of coral does not live a long time. It grows fast and dies young, usually at around 25 years old or so. Swells and storm surges come through and upturn corals regularly. Having said that, to me, it looks like the white syndrome has hastened this coral colony’s demise by weakening its skeleton. Sadly this is occuring all over our reef.

Hopefully, with the annual coral spawning imminent, baby corals will be able to grow on the newly exposed substrate, unless algae gets there first.

In the photos below, you can see some of the patches, which have then overgrown with algae, although it is a little difficult to appreciate the extent of the damage.

View fullsize 14 November 2021
14 November 2021
View fullsize 14 January 2022
14 January 2022
View fullsize 8 June 2022
8 June 2022
View fullsize 13 November 2022
13 November 2022
View fullsize 18 January 2023
18 January 2023
View fullsize 24 June 2023
24 June 2023
View fullsize 10 August 2023
10 August 2023
View fullsize 29 November 2023
29 November 2023
View fullsize 16 December 2023
16 December 2023

Below are some of the individual patches. You can click on each image to enlarge and see the older, dead and overgrown algae patches that are there too.

View fullsize 14 January 2022
14 January 2022
View fullsize 4 February 2022
4 February 2022
View fullsize 20 February 2022
20 February 2022
View fullsize 8 June 2022
8 June 2022
View fullsize 10 July 2023
10 July 2023
View fullsize 10 August 2023
10 August 2023
In Environmental degradation Tags corals, coral reef, White syndrome, coral disease, Norfolk Island
← Free weed!The spatiotemporal dynamics of a coral disease →
Featured
When storms rearrange the reef
October 28, 2026
When storms rearrange the reef
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Sometimes the sea rearranges a reef in a matter of hours! In the third article of my six-part photographic series, I revisit corals broken, overturned or swept away by powerful swells and storm surges. Some disappeared altogether, while others found surprising ways to survive. Five photographic sequences reveal just how dramatically Norfolk Island's reef can change.

Read more →
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When the reef fights back – coral growth and recovery
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Not every coral story ends badly! Among six years of underwater photographs are some wonderful examples of growth, survival and recovery. From corals that have grown spectacularly to others that have survived bleaching, breakage or even being turned upside down, this second article in my photographic series celebrates some of the reef's more encouraging stories.

Read more →
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The neighbours – six years of watching the same reef
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When I began photographing Norfolk Island's reef in 2020, I simply recorded whatever caught my eye. Six years later, those photographs have become a record of individual corals and their changing fortunes – growth, competition, survival and loss. This is the first of six articles looking back at what I've seen, and sometimes what I wish I hadn't.

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What do ‘rugosity’, structural complexity and channeling your inner fish have in common? Quite a lot, as it turns out. This week I’m looking at how all the lumps, bumps, branches, holes and ledges on a reef create habitat – with a brief detour into one of my long-standing tricks for navigating tertiary study: write down the jargon until it starts to make sense.

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How does a sea slug smell?
September 27, 2026
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It started with a close-up of a little Elysia and two rhinophores that looked like tiny rolled-up scrolls. Once I noticed them, I started going back through years of sea-slug photos and realised just how wildly different these sensory organs can be – ridged, rolled, curled, tubular and, in sea hares, distinctly rabbit-eared. So this week’s rabbit hole is all about how sea slugs ‘smell’ underwater, and why their noses come in so many different shapes.

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The Elite Fleet sails in
September 19, 2026
The Elite Fleet sails in
September 19, 2026

Nearly six years ago, my very first blog post was about the strange blue and violet creatures that live at the ocean’s surface – a group I christened Norfolk Island’s ‘Elite Fleet’. Since then I’ve seen plenty of bluebottles and the occasional violet sea snail, but never a by-the-wind sailor. Until this morning. Velella velella is not a true jellyfish, but a colonial hydrozoan with a transparent sail that lets the wind help carry it across the ocean. So what exactly is this extraordinary little creature, how does it ‘sail’, and what connects it to the rest of the fleet?

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In a nutshell – where I stand on the proposed Norfolk Island Marine Park
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In a nutshell – where I stand on the proposed Norfolk Island Marine Park
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I support the proposed expansion of Norfolk Marine Park and its renaming as Norfolk Island Marine Park. There is much to welcome – strong offshore protection, no mining, and recognition of the importance of sustainable local fishing. But I also have some reservations. Why does Cascade need to be removed from the Marine Park at all? How will more than 430,000 km² actually be monitored and enforced? How do we make sure Norfolk people have a genuine role in management? And, above all, how do we ensure that the enormous new park does not draw attention away from the small, stressed reef immediately beside us?

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No seagrass, but plenty of turtles
September 13, 2026
No seagrass, but plenty of turtles
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Norfolk Island does not have seagrass, although one of our most conspicuous green algae is often mistaken for it. Feather and grape Caulerpa can both form striking patches across the lagoon. I take a closer look at what Caulerpa actually is, why it is so easily confused with seagrass, and where our green turtles fit into the story.

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Watching El Niño from Norfolk Island
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El Niño is strengthening across the Pacific, but that does not tell us exactly what the coming months will bring to Norfolk Island. After a long wet spell, I am watching our rainfall and water supplies more closely again – and, underwater, keeping an eye on sea temperature, algae, coral recruits and the fish that turn up on the reef.

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What the world’s reefs are telling Norfolk Island
September 2, 2026
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September 2, 2026

Two major new coral reef reports carry a clear message for Norfolk Island: reefs can recover when pressures ease, but the time available for recovery is shrinking. Norfolk Islanders were raising concerns about water quality, runoff and the health of Emily and Slaughter Bays nearly forty years ago. Today we have much better science, a changing climate and a far clearer understanding of how closely the catchment and reef are connected. This article looks at what that means for water quality, long-term monitoring, dredging and how we manage Kingston from land to sea.

Read more →
September 2, 2026

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