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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

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View of Duffy’s Whale, Norfolk Island

In a nutshell – where I stand on the proposed Norfolk Island Marine Park

September 18, 2026

The consultation on the proposed expansion of Norfolk Marine Park – and on the development of a new standalone management plan – closes on 30 September. I have now made submissions on both.

My position is fairly simple. I support the expansion. But a bigger marine park is not automatically a better-managed marine park. Norfolk Island is different, and its marine park and its management should reflect that. This is where I have landed.

  • Yes – I support the expansion and the name change to Norfolk Island Marine Park.
    The proposed park would cover 430,792 km², with 94 per cent in the highly protected National Park Zone. I strongly support protecting the Norfolk Ridge, its seamounts and deep-water habitats, and excluding mining, oil and gas extraction from these waters.

  • Yes – I support continued sustainable local fishing.
    Fishing here is not simply another recreational activity. It is tied to food, culture, family and generations of knowledge of the sea. Norfolk’s fishing community also has a history of voluntarily restricting its own activities when stocks needed protection. Local autonomy and conservation are not opposites.

  • But the expanded Special Purpose Zone should not become an invitation for substantially increased outside commercial fishing.
    Its purpose should remain closely connected to Norfolk Island’s community, culture and food security, with ecological sustainability setting the limits.

  • I am not convinced Cascade needs to be removed from the Marine Park.
    The proposal would excise about 1.28 km² around Cascade Pier to allow future port infrastructure. I understand perfectly well that Norfolk needs functioning ports. What I do not understand is why Cascade has to be taken out of the Marine Park to achieve that. The consultation material itself says that ‘structures and works’ can be authorised, subject to assessment, inside the park. So my question is simple: if the work can be authorised within the Marine Park, why remove the protection?

  • I am particularly concerned about the precedent that could create for Kingston.
    Cascade and Kingston are both working ports, but Kingston sits immediately beside a highly valued and already stressed coral reef. Twenty years from now, the people making these decisions will be different. If Cascade is excised because it is a port, it becomes easier for somebody in future to ask why Kingston should be treated differently. If the Cascade excision proceeds, I want the decision to state explicitly that it is site-specific and does not establish a general principle that Norfolk’s ports should sit outside the Marine Park.

  • A 430,000 km² marine park has to be more than a very large green area on a map.
    How will it actually be policed? How much will rely on vessel tracking and remote surveillance? How often will physical patrols occur? What capacity will exist on Norfolk when somebody sees something unusual? The Commonwealth is proposing a very large protected area; it needs to provide the resources required to protect it.

  • The little bit of reef beside us must not disappear inside an enormous offshore park.
    Emily and Slaughter Bays are already inside the Marine Park, and the no-take protections introduced there were worthwhile. But a no-take area cannot fix a septic system. A marine-park boundary cannot stop sediment coming down a waterway after heavy rain. Fishery regulation cannot remove nutrients travelling through groundwater. Protecting the reef also means dealing with what comes off the land.

  • That means managing Norfolk from ridge to reef.
    Wastewater, groundwater, stormwater, grazing, erosion, wetlands and coastal works may be administered by different bits of government, but the reef receives the combined result. I want the new management plan to establish who acts when monitoring shows something is going wrong – not merely who produces another report.

  • Local people need a genuine place in management.
    I have proposed a permanent, place-based Norfolk Island advisory committee with substantial local representation – fishing knowledge, culture, conservation, tourism, science and younger members of the community. Not simply one or two Norfolk representatives sitting on a large regional committee. And if substantive local advice is not followed, there should be an explanation as to why.

  • We need to be able to tell whether the new management plan actually worked.
    Ten years from now, I want us to be able to ask some fairly basic questions. Did water quality improve? Did avoidable local pressures decline? Did coral recruitment improve? What happened to coral disease and algal cover? Did the ecosystem show signs of recovery? A management plan should measure ecological outcomes, not simply meetings held, projects approved and hectares protected.

  • And impacts do not stop at the Marine Park boundary.
    If dredging, coastal works, pollution or another activity outside the park affects the reef inside it, that is still a Marine Park problem. The reef experiences climate stress, nutrients, sediment, disease and physical disturbance together. We need to get much better at considering that cumulative load rather than treating every new project as if the reef starts from scratch.

So, yes, I support the expansion.

I think there is a great deal in this proposal worth protecting, and creating a standalone Norfolk Island Marine Park gives us an opportunity to do something genuinely useful.

But the measure of success will not be the number of square kilometres coloured green on a map. It will be whether the rules can be enforced, whether local knowledge has a meaningful place in management, whether pressures coming from the land are actually tackled, and whether the reef at our doorstep is in better condition because it sits inside a Marine Park.

I’ll put my full submission below for anyone who wants to read the reasoning in more detail. And if you have views of your own – for, against, or somewhere in between – this is the time to put them in. The consultation closes on 30 September 2026.

  • My submission


Proposal Documents

  • Proposal to expand Norfolk Marine Park – public consultation paper

  • Maps showing the Norfolk Marine Park current design and proposed design

Looking east from Kingston Pier along the length of the Kingston Lagoon at dawn, Norfolk Island

In policy, Environmental advocacy Tags Australian Marine Park, Norfolk Island Marine Park, Temperate East, Environmental protection, fishing, coral reef
← The Elite Fleet sails inNo seagrass, but plenty of turtles →
Featured
Familiar faces – getting to know the reef’s residents
November 3, 2026
Familiar faces – getting to know the reef’s residents
November 3, 2026

Six years of swimming the same little reef have introduced me to some unforgettable characters that I’ve followed over time. From familiar fish and anemones to turtles and a snail’s eggs, this final article in my photographic series explores what I’ve learned about the lives of individual animals simply by returning, watching and taking photographs.

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When algae move in – the changing reef neighbourhood
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When algae move in – the changing reef neighbourhood
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Algae are a natural part of Norfolk Island's reef, changing with the underwater seasons. But sometimes their beautiful green growth conceals a rather sad story. In the fifth article of my six-part photographic series, I revisit familiar places to see how algae have changed over the years – and what might be hiding underneath.

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The slow disappearance – disease on the reef
October 30, 2026
The slow disappearance – disease on the reef
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What happens after coral disease has run its course? In the fourth article of my six-part photographic series, I revisit colonies I've watched lose living tissue, sometimes alarmingly quickly. From a potentially century-old brain coral that lost most of its living tissue in less than 100 days to the algae-covered skeletons left years later, these photographs reveal the longer-term consequences of coral disease on Norfolk Island's reef.

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When storms rearrange the reef
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When storms rearrange the reef
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Sometimes the sea rearranges a reef in a matter of hours! In the third article of my six-part photographic series, I revisit corals broken, overturned or swept away by powerful swells and storm surges. Some disappeared altogether, while others found surprising ways to survive. Five photographic sequences reveal just how dramatically Norfolk Island's reef can change.

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October 28, 2026
When the reef fights back – coral growth and recovery
October 26, 2026
When the reef fights back – coral growth and recovery
October 26, 2026

Not every coral story ends badly! Among six years of underwater photographs are some wonderful examples of growth, survival and recovery. From corals that have grown spectacularly to others that have survived bleaching, breakage or even being turned upside down, this second article in my photographic series celebrates some of the reef's more encouraging stories.

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The neighbours – six years of watching the same reef
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The neighbours – six years of watching the same reef
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When I began photographing Norfolk Island's reef in 2020, I simply recorded whatever caught my eye. Six years later, those photographs have become a record of individual corals and their changing fortunes – growth, competition, survival and loss. This is the first of six articles looking back at what I've seen, and sometimes what I wish I hadn't.

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Pulling the rugosity from out of the reef
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Pulling the rugosity from out of the reef
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What do ‘rugosity’, structural complexity and channeling your inner fish have in common? Quite a lot, as it turns out. This week I’m looking at how all the lumps, bumps, branches, holes and ledges on a reef create habitat – with a brief detour into one of my long-standing tricks for navigating tertiary study: write down the jargon until it starts to make sense.

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How does a sea slug smell?
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How does a sea slug smell?
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The Elite Fleet sails in
September 19, 2026
The Elite Fleet sails in
September 19, 2026

Nearly six years ago, my very first blog post was about the strange blue and violet creatures that live at the ocean’s surface – a group I christened Norfolk Island’s ‘Elite Fleet’. Since then I’ve seen plenty of bluebottles and the occasional violet sea snail, but never a by-the-wind sailor. Until this morning. Velella velella is not a true jellyfish, but a colonial hydrozoan with a transparent sail that lets the wind help carry it across the ocean. So what exactly is this extraordinary little creature, how does it ‘sail’, and what connects it to the rest of the fleet?

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September 19, 2026
In a nutshell – where I stand on the proposed Norfolk Island Marine Park
September 18, 2026
In a nutshell – where I stand on the proposed Norfolk Island Marine Park
September 18, 2026

I support the proposed expansion of Norfolk Marine Park and its renaming as Norfolk Island Marine Park. There is much to welcome – strong offshore protection, no mining, and recognition of the importance of sustainable local fishing. But I also have some reservations. Why does Cascade need to be removed from the Marine Park at all? How will more than 430,000 km² actually be monitored and enforced? How do we make sure Norfolk people have a genuine role in management? And, above all, how do we ensure that the enormous new park does not draw attention away from the small, stressed reef immediately beside us?

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September 18, 2026

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