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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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    • Kingston, Norfolk Island
    • Underwater
    • Reef Fish
    • Sharks
    • Eels
    • Corals
    • Sea Anemones
    • Nudibranchs, Sea Slugs and Flatworms
    • Octopuses
    • Sea Urchins and Sea Cucumbers
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

Emily Bay in the spring sunshine. The seas outside the lagoons were wild this week.

Emily Bay in the spring sunshine. The seas outside the lagoons were wild this week.

Jockeying for space on the reef

September 14, 2021

I won’t lie, it has been a wipe-out in the bays this week with huge swells and poor visibility. I more than made up for it this morning. Everyone was out and about enjoying the spring sunshine. Apart from the turtle. She was asleep! Read here to find out who else was enjoying the sunshine.

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Tags corals, coral reef, Bluespine unicornfish, Green sea turtle, butterflyfish, bluespotted cornetfish
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A school of sand mullet, Myxus elongatus

Report released into the health of Norfolk Island's reef

September 7, 2021

This week’s observations while out on a swim, included some very active and inquisitive green moon wrasse. One, in particular, followed me for a good half an hour as I made my way around the reef off the Salt House. Find out more about what was happening beneath the waves on Norfolk Island this week.

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Tags sea hares, green moon wrasse, sand mullet, school of fish, Emily Bay, water quality, pollution, Sydney Institute of Marine Science
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Convict snake eel - Leiuranus versicolor

Banded, convict and spotted snake eels - know the difference

August 31, 2021

A beautiful banded snake eel, Leiuranus semicinctus, popped into view on Saturday. These gorgeous guys are docile and will dive head first into the sand if you get too close. Read on to discover how many types of snake eel we have in Norfolk Island’s lagoons.

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Tags Snake eel, banded snake eel, Convict snake eel, Spotted snake eel, Norfolk cardinalfish, Emily Bay, cleaner wrasse
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When corals go blue!

August 24, 2021

August is the coldest month of the year in the water here on Norfolk Island, with the temperature hovering around 18–19C. Not only do some swimmers turn a little bit blue if they stay in too long, so too do some of the corals. Read on to find out why.

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Tags butterflyfish, Tracy Ainsworth, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, blue coral, Coral, coral reef
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Snubnose dart

Winter snorkelling on our reef

August 17, 2021

I can guarantee that each time I head out into Norfolk Island’s lagoons I will see something new or interesting. This week was no different. Here is a quick wrap up of some of my more noteworthy observations this week while out on a swim.

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Tags snubnosed dart, Bluespine unicornfish, blacktip morwong, Atagema spongiosa, Green sea turtle, Southern Eagle Ray
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Collector urchin - Tripneustes gratilla

Collector urchin - Tripneustes gratilla

The importance of sea urchins

August 10, 2021

August on Norfolk Island is the coolest month of the year. The southerly winds have been bringing in pounding surf and reduced visibility in the bays. For those who are interested, the water temperature has been hovering between 17C and 18C. This week I showcase some of the different species of sea urchins in our bays and provide a few fast facts about them.

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Tags sea urchin, wunna, sea slugs, environment
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Healthy Acropora, plate coral, in Cemetery Bay

Healthy Acropora, plate coral, in Cemetery Bay

The state of play on Norfolk Island's reef

August 3, 2021

We’ve had more than 55 years of warnings, reports and alarm bells about the water quality entering ‘pristine’ Emily and Slaughter Bays, so we know exactly what is harming our marine ecosystem. Now we just have to fix it.

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The clear water of Emily Bay lagoon on Norfolk Island

Playing the long game: Norfolk Island’s coral reef and lagoons

July 25, 2021

What has taken me down the path from a day job as a writer, editor and communicator to creating a website about Norfolk Island’s coral reef habitat? The story of how and why norfolkislandreef.com.au came into being.

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A platygyra that has dramatically asserted its own space

War of the coral worlds!

July 20, 2021

How do corals assert their space on the reef? Who are the best gardners and protective parents? And have you heard of white syndrome? Sadly we have it on Norfolk Island’s reef. Read more here.

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Tags corals, coral reef, Norfolk Island, coral disease, banded scalyfin, Parma polylepsis, Inscribed wrasse, Notolabrus inscriptus
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Green sea turtle

Winter in Norfolk Island's lagoons

July 13, 2021

This week in Out on a Swim I quickly sum up the problems around the use of unsafe sunscreens that contain chemicals such as oxybenzone. These can cause ecological ruination to coral reefs and to the fish that call these reefs home. Read more here.

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Spotted porcupinefish, Diodon hystrix

A case of mistaken identity?

July 6, 2021

Over the years, the raft has provided shelter beneath its timbers for a thriving fish nursery. Beneath the raft was an amazing sight, teeming with fry. Last year we got a brand new raft made to a different design to the one we had before; now it sports flotation tanks beneath it. Since then, for whatever reason, the fish simply have not used the raft that much as a nursery.

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Slaughter Bay from Point Hunter, Lone Pine, low tide 27 June 2021

Mid-winter fabulousness

June 29, 2021

There’s been plenty going on under the waves here on Norfolk island, while above the waves we’ve just had the most fabulous mid-winter weather. With a full moon on 24 June, we experienced some wonderful low, low tides. Did you know that peak low tides always lag the full moon (and new moon) by a day or so?

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Tags goatfish, snubnosed dart, Emily Bay, Norfolk Island, weather, nudibranch, sea hares
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Cemetery Bay, Norfolk Island

Old friends return

June 22, 2021

This week in the Norfolk Island lagoons saw some old friends return and some new (to me) visitors that appeared in Emily Bay for the first time. I also paid a visit to the more exposed Cemetery Bay for the first time since the storms went through.

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Dead sailor’s eyeballs or glitzy glamour bubbles!

June 21, 2021

The first time I saw these glitzy glamour bubbles I had no idea what I was looking at, so I took a photo and went home to do some digging. A little research uncovered a really cool organism. Commonly known as a dead sailor’s eyeballs, or bubble algae, they shine like small mirrors, catching the light. But the BEST bit about these bubbles is that they are one of the largest single-celled organisms in the world.

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Notch-head marblefish

Notch-head marblefish

The smiling notch-head marblefish

June 15, 2021

Underwater, feather caulerpa, Caulerpa taxifolia, looks like a gorgeous, lush, green meadow.

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Healthy corals, Emily Bay, Norfolk Island

Bounty Day brings some biting winds!

June 8, 2021

Today is Bounty Day here on Norfolk Island. It’s a day of celebration for Norfolk Islanders of Pitcairn descent – the day when, in 1856, their forbears first arrived on the island. Sadly, in the water, we have had some parts of the reef destroyed by huge surf. On the upside, the circle of life continues with some great observations, including large numbers of surge wrasse, Thalassoma purpureum, and much more.

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Is this coral endemic to Norfolk Island?

Enormous surf, squally winds and poor viz!

June 1, 2021

Today is the first day of winter with cool winds blowing straight up from Antarctica. Many readers will laugh, but for a sub-tropical island, we are really feeling the wind chill at the moment. However, as always, I have some exciting observations to recount.

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Elegant wrasse - Anampses elegans (terminal phase, male)

Snip the (plastic) rings!

May 25, 2021

This week, I’ve been able to add three new parrotfish species to the Reef Fish page of this website: Pacific Bullethead Parrotfish - Chlorurus spilurus; Palenose parrotfish - Scarus psittacus; Surf parrotfish - Scarus rivulatus.

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Emily Bay, Norfolk Island

When plastic (and gold wedding) rings escape into the wild

May 11, 2021

Like many places around the globe, Norfolk Island has its issues with getting rid of waste. Even so, Norfolk Island is one of the cleanest places I’ve seen; however, we know we can’t be complacent. So, back in February 2021, it was gut-wrenching to see a couple of sand mullet – Myxus elongatus – wearing plastic collars – those rings found on plastic juice and milk bottles. Sometimes these rings escape into the wild, and this is the sad consequence.

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Blue drummer - Girella cyanea

Here's looking at you!

April 27, 2021

I thought I’d have a bit of fun and post some of my favourite images of fish as they look at me head on. It’s such a beautiful perspective, and one that often makes you wonder what they are thinking. Enjoy!

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Featured
Poop power
Jun 17, 2025
Poop power
Jun 17, 2025

Not all poop on a reef is bad poop. In fact some kinds of poop can be a reef’s most important invisible engine. Fish poop, bird poop – even poop that gets eaten again by other fish – all of it keeps the ecosystem ticking over in a way that’s nothing short of extraordinary.

Jun 17, 2025
Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
Jun 13, 2025
Glimpses of recovery: what the reef could be if we let it
Jun 13, 2025

Day 6 of this photo series from Norfolk Island coincides with the final day of the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. After a week of documenting decline, today’s post offers a different view – what reef recovery can look like when conditions improve. Drought in 2024 gave the reef a break, and the results were unmistakable: healthier corals, lower disease, and more fish. This is what’s possible if we act.

Jun 13, 2025
Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies
Jun 12, 2025
Warning signs: quiet and unnoticed collapse of two coral colonies
Jun 12, 2025

Day 5 of my blog series for the UN Ocean Conference: two long-lived coral colonies in Norfolk’s lagoon died quietly from disease. No drama – just slow collapse and overgrowth by algae. A reminder that not all reef losses are loud, but they are happening.

Jun 12, 2025
Warning signs:  what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us
Jun 11, 2025
Warning signs: what Norfolk Island’s reef is telling us
Jun 11, 2025

Day 4 of a week-long photo series from Norfolk Island, shared during the UN Ocean Conference in Nice. Today’s post spotlights a Hydnophora pilosa colony where white syndrome appeared suddenly and spread quickly, taking out around a quarter of the coral. In the months that followed, algae quietly filled the gap – a subtle but telling shift from coral to algae that’s happening across the reef.

Jun 11, 2025
Warning signs: coral disease takes hold
Jun 10, 2025
Warning signs: coral disease takes hold
Jun 10, 2025

In Day 3 of this blog post series, published while leaders gather at the UN Ocean Conference in Nice, we see Norfolk Island’s coral reef lagoon quietly delivering a stark warning: recurrent land-based pollution, coral disease, and delayed decisions are dismantling this ecosystem in real time.

Jun 10, 2025
Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef
Jun 9, 2025
Warning signs: coral growth anomalies – the slow cancers of the reef
Jun 9, 2025

Day 2’s post coinciding with the UN Ocean Conference looks at coral growth anomalies – sometimes called coral ‘cancers’. These slow-moving diseases quietly weaken coral colonies, making them far more vulnerable to storm damage and algal takeover. On Norfolk Island’s reef, I’ve watched this exact process play out over several years. This is how chronic stress silently dismantles coral ecosystems.

Jun 9, 2025
Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef
Jun 8, 2025
Warning signs: shifting baselines on Norfolk Island’s reef
Jun 8, 2025

Today is World Ocean Day — a timely moment to launch my week-long blog series on Norfolk Island’s reef. Each day this week, I’ll be sharing photo essays that document the slow but steady pressures reshaping this fragile reef. Today: how shifting baselines make us blind to what we’ve already lost.

Jun 8, 2025
The Governance–Government Vacuum: Norfolk Island’s Forgotten Ecology
Apr 29, 2025
The Governance–Government Vacuum: Norfolk Island’s Forgotten Ecology
Apr 29, 2025

A personal reflection on Norfolk Island’s coral reef environment, political denial, and what John Wyndham’s The Kraken Wakes can still teach us about slow-moving disasters — and why this election matters more than ever.

Apr 29, 2025
Cute as buttons – Astrea curta
Feb 20, 2025
Cute as buttons – Astrea curta
Feb 20, 2025

Astrea curta corals are ‘small, moderately plocoid [flattened], distinct, and almost circular’ . Normally grey-green in colour, you can see from the images here, ours are often beautiful rich gold, although they do vary. They have a neat growth habit and button-like corallites, which can grow in columns, spherically or flattened. Large colonies of these can form gorgeous undulating bumps.

Feb 20, 2025
From 'Watch' to 'Warning'
Jan 26, 2025
From 'Watch' to 'Warning'
Jan 26, 2025

Last week, the chance of coral bleaching in Norfolk Island’s inshore lagoons was raised from ‘Watch’ to ‘Warning’ and will more than likely rise to Alert levels one and two in coming weeks. So why do I worry about water quality all the time when bleaching seems inevitable these days and so the reef is probably doomed anyway? Read on to find out.

Jan 26, 2025

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